Effect of Rapid Urbanization on Housing

THE IMPACT OF RAPID URBANIZATION ON HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA FROM 1950 -2010 (Focus on urban developments and housing problems case study: Lagos) Urbanization according to Aluko O. E is rather subjective and can be given various interpretations. However in this concept it can be defined as the expansion of the number of people living in an urban area that depicts the rate at which people move from rural areas and populate the urban areas.Reports however, from the united nation show that the population at the urban centres has multiplied four times its initial growth since 1960 and would have risen to a projected number of about 5 billion in the year 2030. Report also has it that over 70 per cent of these populations would settle in cities and towns. Following independence, many administrative centres experienced major unplanned rapid urbanization .The ripple effect of these on cities being the core of urban development is enormous especially on the housing development which has eventually resulted in overcrowding, inadequate dwellings, deplorable urban environment, degrading public infrastructure, and to an extreme, â€Å"outright homelessness† (Adesoji David Jiboye, 2011) . Nonetheless, According to Femi Olokesusi, 2011 quoting Onibokun et. al. 1987) and Onibolun and Kumuyi (1999), assert that various political and socio-economic factors have resulted in rapid growth of urban population resulting in informal settlements, poor housing and slums in Nigeria. The rate of influx of people into major cities has been so high that the pace of settlement development and housing provision could not accommodate them. Since they must have shelter, all forms of informal procedures are adopted to provide housing. This has resulted in non-compliance with physical planning regulations and development control standards.Thus there have been cases of incompatibility of land use activities, overcrowding (due to high occupancy ratio, high density of development), poor construction standards (due to use of substandard building materials and construction methods), and ill-serviced dwelling Units, among others. The impact of rapid population growth however, on urban development and conditions is far more than merely a demographic or quantitative one especially on housing development as a whole which is a direct consequence of the push of the rural areas and the pull of the town.Current studies however indicate that the impact of rapid urbanization in terms of housing is revealed both in its quantity and quantity such that the little number of available houses is being overloaded infrastructurally and spatially leading to a reduction in the level of comfort and a rapid development in the number of slums being created and the level of substandard houses being built in an unplanned and unhealthy environment.However, the level of impact on the adequacy of housing has been compounded particularly by the high rate of population growth, through influx of immigrants, exaggerated real estate values etc. Nonetheless, housing according to Aduwo 2011, Daramola 2006 et al is the measure of the level of housing inadequacy and its quality. According to pelu Awofeso, one out of every two Nigerians now live in a city leaving limited infrastructure to be engulfed by millions of individuals.In his report he stated that 16 million housing units would have to be provided to address the shortage in urban shelters since the inflow of people supersedes the rate at which affordable housing is being constructed. Housing however, according to Abbas Olukunmi Owoade, 2007 quoting Tannerfeldt and Ljung ‘06)does not only relate to provision of houses but also basic infrastructure of a neighbourhood as well as schools clinics , recreational facilities and other amenities. CASE STUDY:LAGOSThe city of Lagos was first inhibited before the 15th century and grew from a typical small fishing and farming settlement due to certain factors such as, the constru ction of the railway in 1895 that linked the city, the hinterland and the port with the development of the Lagos harbour. In the twinkle of an eye, Lagos became the centre of trade and commerce bringing migrants from every nook and cranny. As the population increased so did the spatial expansion which posed a great deal of problems especially housing development. kehinde George, 2002). Population explosion in lagos became noticeable after 1950 amongst other reason, it was the national capital and in ’67 became a state on its own attracting funds from both the federal and state government there by introducing more migrants. However, Over 90 per cent of the typical housing standard is being provided by the private sector and individual efforts bringing about a gap between its demand and supply finding expression in the cost of rented values that eventually leads to vercrowding, growth of slums and rise in the number of substandard housing (Owoade,Abiodun ‘97). Two major f actors that accounted for the rapid growth in lagos can tied to net migration and natural increase According to the old United Nations university website, prior to 1928, planned residential areas in Lagos were limited. They included Ikoyi, which was a reservation area for expatriates who were colonial administrators and executives of foreign firms, and had a population of 4,000, or 3 per cent of the population of the city in 1931.Apapa, Ebute Meta, and Yaba, with a combined population of 22,000, or 17 per cent of the total, also had some element of planning, in the sense that road networks in Ebute Meta and Yaba were laid out on a grid and residential development was confined to the blocks within the road pattern. On Lagos Island, apart from the areas around the racecourse and marina, the indigenous housing was unplanned and was left to develop haphazardly, with houses built quite close together.Such overcrowded, unhealthy housing and poor environmental conditions stimulated the rap id spread of influenza epidemics and bubonic plague, which ravaged the city between 1924 and 1930. These led to the emergence, in 1928, of the pioneer planning authority in Nigeria, the Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB), which embarked on slum clearance and the relocation of families from the Island to the Mainland (Oko Awo scheme) and since then, the activities of planning authorities have assumed considerable importance in metropolitan Lagos.The government of Nigeria has interceded at different times to solve housing problems with particular focus on Lagos by providing housing units as well as establishing site and service programmes to make available plots of lands to individual to build their own houses, the period 1979-1983 under the Jakande administration witnessed a massive housing development programme. evertheless, These programmes had little impact in that it provided limited number of housing units with a major setback in the year 1994 due to increase in price of b uilding materials. Thus, making a considerable number of Lagosians lack â€Å"shelter† a basic need of human existence. The wide gap between the supply of and the demand for has operated in escalating house rents, rent edict were promulgated to reduce this hardship by working population .In 1973 for instance the mid-west state government proclaimed an edict which limited the maximum rent payable on dwelling units. However, such edicts have not been effective in arresting increase in house rents (Josephine Abiodun,1976) Planned housing schemes in metropolitan Lagos |Housing agency |Scheme |Remarks | |Lagos Executive Development |Slum clearance of Central Lagos, 1955 to|1,847 families housed in Surulere. ,337 families resettled | |Board, 1955 -1975 |early 1960s, Olowogbowo Rehousing |in low-income rented houses. Subsidized by Ministry of Lagos| | |Scheme, Lagos Housing Scheme |Affairs | |   |Other housing schemes in Surulere |14,537 family units (dwellings) provided.In all, 128,800 | | | |people were provided with housing | |Lagos State Development and |Resettlement of slum dwellers from |1,000 families housed | |Property Corporation (LSDPC), |Central Lagos to Ogba and low-income | | |1972-1979 |housing in Isolo | | |Federal housing |Under 1975-1980 and 1981-1985 plan |6,000 housing units | | |periods | | |LSDPC, 1979 to date |Low-income housing |16,878 housing units | |   |Medium-income housing |1,790 housing units | Source: LSDPCIn Lagos, like elsewhere in Nigeria the access to privately owned housing units through traditional channels has made it immensely possible for a relatively large number of people to be house owners at certain cost which includes the sale of the same plot to more than one buyer owing to a lack of a comprehensive land register and sometimes conflict over rights of ownership between the state and private individuals or family groups or between members of families â€Å"omo onile† (owoade, abiodun ‘97). However , over 60% of these residents are under a tenement kind of arrangement constructed by â€Å"absentee landlord† with this kind of arrangement ending abruptly due to unforeseen evictions(Owoade, abiodun et al) The issue of land acquisition at the same time is far more complex because government acquired land is rarely made available or affordable for the average or even made accessible due to lack of basic infrastructure.Alternatively, in order to live closer to job opportunities there’s need for settling in centrally located pieces of abandoned land left due to unsuitability for housing either for being along railway paths or under high tension electric cable or marshy lands. (Owoade ’07, Tannerfeldt and Ljung 2006). David Owoade in his report emphatically stated that the Problems of rapid urbanization have increased and become more glaring as the cities expand and many attempts to curb these problems have not achieved the desired results. Housing continued to be supplied through informal self-help landlords and a majority of tenants live in homes with unsecured tenure while many holders find home in slums and shantytowns. Examples include Ajegunle, Makoko, Badiya, Maroko etc.Those that have been fortunate enough to build their houses on the periphery of the cities (ota in sango) have to live without basic services and infrastructures such as clean water, sewers, electricity and roads. In 1976, it was estimated that 111000 residential houses were available in Lagos to provide accommodation for a population of 3. 2 million keeping it at an average of 28 persons per building. By 19080, it had gotten worse with 30 persons living in a building and it was further projected that 2 per cent of the population lived in self-contained buildings leaving the remaining 98 % to rooming accommodations connoting shared facilities like the kitchen and the toilet.It was further estimated that by the year 2000, a total number of 1. 5 million housing units wou ld be needed to cater to fast growing population. It is no surprise that there is no more land for the government to build that they have resulted in sand filling of certain areas ( Raji Rasaki, 1988). However an updated article by lookman oshodi,2010 quoting the Lagos ministry of housing 2010 brings the demography to a total number of 91% of the total population living in the metropolis, about 20,000 persons per square kilometre in the built up areas. The occupancy ratio however are 8-10 persons per room with 72. 5% of household occupying one room apartment’s . ince the rate of growth in Lagos has assumed a geometric progression the provision of houses has never been commensurate leading to decay in structure either by quantity or quality. Hence, multiplying the number of inhibited slums from 42 in the year 1985 to over a hundred in 2010. (slums and squatter settlement)also, this â€Å"urban poor† pay house rents that are almost 50-70% of their income since most accom modations as earlier said are provided by private landlords. Thus, dividing the metropolis into classes such as low income/high density, medium income/medium density, high income /low density. (Lawanson 2007, lookman oshodi 2010) The population in Lagos seems to growing each day with its problems. onetheless, according to aduwo,2011 quoting (Okupe, 2002; Oruwari, 2006), Public housing was birthed as a solution to the proliferation of slums and squatter settlements but Housing specialists have revealed that public housing has failed to provide decent housing, claiming that it has succeeded in segregating tenants by income, race, and that it has isolated residents from the larger community. However, all these problems have resulted in overcrowding of buildings leaving room for no access, urban sprawl, lack of open spaces, high cost of building materials etc. [pic] Population in lagos Source: case study of lagos:geography and climate [pic] Source: case study of lagos:geography and clim ate Reference 1.MANAGING METROPOLITAN LAGOS ,Raji Rasaki ,Inaugural Programme of the Africa leadership forum, 1988 2. HOUSING TRANSFORMATION AND ITS IMPACT ON NEIGHBOURHOODS IN SELECTED LOW-INCOME PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA: A PhD Thesis: Egidario Bridgette ADUWO,2011 3. THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: The Lagos Experience, Nigeria. ;Aluko O. E; Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management ; Vol. 3 No. 3 2010 4. PUBLIC HOUSING DELIVERY IN NIGERIA: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES; World congress on Housing Transforming Housing Environments through the Design south Africa, L. M Olayiwola, O Adeleye & L Ogunshakin, 2005 5.CHALLENGES AND GROWTH OF DEVELOPMET IN METROPLOLITAN LAGOS, archive. unu. edu/unupress/unupbooks; old United Nations university website. 6. ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPLAY OF MIGRATION AND URBAN EXPANSION, ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF LAGOS by Okuneye P. A, Adebayo, K, Opeolu B. T. and F. I. Baddru; University of Agricultu re, Abeokuta and University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria 7. LAGOS: THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF AN EMERGENT AFRICAN MEGA CITY by Femi Olokesusi Paper Presented at the NISER Seminar Series on 5 July, 2011 8. HOUSING PROBLEMS IN NIGERIAN CITIES, Josephine Olu. Abiodun, reprinted from the town planning review, vol. 47, no. 4, October, 1976.

Bio 101 Review Questions

Review Questions 1. The organic molecule produced directly by photosynthesis is b) sugar 2. The photosynthetic process removes E) carbon dioxide from the environment. 3. The process of splitting water to release hydrogen and electrons occurs during the _____ process. a) light dependent 4. The process of fixing carbon dioxide into carbohydrates occurs in the ____ process. b) light independent. 5. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through b) stomata. 6. The cellular transport process by which carbon dioxide enters a leaf (and by which water vapor and oxygen exit) is ___. ) Diffusion 7. Which of the following creatures would not be an autotroph? c) fish 8. The process by which most of the world's autotrophs make their food is known as ____. b) Photosynthesis 9. The process of ___ is how ADP + P are converted into ATP during the Light dependent process. c) chemiosmosis 10. Once ATP is converted into ADP + P, it must be ____. b) recharged by chemiosmosis 11. Generally speaking, the longer th e wave lenght of light, the ___ available energy of that light. a) smaller 12.The section of the electromagnetic spectrum used for photosynthesis is ___. d) visible light 13. The colors of light in the visible range (from longest wavelength to shortest) is ___. a) ROYGBIV 14. The photosynthetic pigment that is essential for the process to occur is ___. a) chlorophyll 15. When a pigment reflects red light, _____. d) red light is reflected, all others are absorbed 16. Chlorophyll a absorbs light energy in the ____color range. e) b and c 17. A photosystem is ___. b) a collection of photosynthetic pigments arranged in a thylakjoid membrane. 8. The individual flattened stacks of membrane material inside the chloroplast are known as ___. c) thylakoids. 19. The fluid-filled area of the chloroplast is the ___. b) stroma 20. The chloroplast contains all of these except ___. e) endoplasmic reticulum 21. The chloroplasts of plants are most close in size to __. d) bacteria in the human mouth 22 . Which of these photosynthetic organisms does not have a chloroplast? c) cyanobacteria 23. The photoelectric effect refers to ____. c) emission of electrons from a metal when struck by any wavelength of light. 24.Light of the green wavelengths is commonly absorbed by which accessory pigment? b) chlorophyll b 25. The function of the electron transport proteins in the thyakoid membranes is ___. c) Pumping of hydrogen into the thylakoid space for later generation of ATP by chemiosmosis. 26. ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell because ____. a) ATP is the most readily usable form of energy for cells. 27. Both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation produce ATP. We can infer that the purpose of ATP in photosynthesis is to c) supply energy that can be used to form a carbohydrate. 8. The role of NADPH in oxygen-producing photosynthesis is to ____. b) supply carbon to the carbohydrate 29. The dark reactions require all of these chemicals to proceed except ___. e) oxygen 30. Th e first stable chemical formed by the Calvin Cycle is _____. c ) PGA 31. The hydrogen in the carbohydrate produced by the Calvin Cycle comes from ___ b) NADPH 32. The carbon incorporated into the carbohydrate comes from ___. c) carbon dioxide 33. C-4 photosynthesis is so named because _____. b) it produces a four carbon compound as the first stable products of photosynthesis.

Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Sovereignty - Essay Example se to examine if one is paying attention in issues like the altering nature of limitations and the potential of constructing following communities further than sovereignty (Waltz, 2003, pp. 10-12). This research focused on this truth that certainly; it is hard to believe that anybody ever asserted the "statecentric" sight of international politics that is today so intentionally rejected by those who look for to emphasize the role of "the novel international actors (Paul Piccone, 2001, 174-184)." What was extensively asserted concerning European international family members from the time of Vattel in the mid-eighteenth century awaiting the finish of the First World War was the lawful fiction of a political cosmos that consisted of states unaccompanied, the policy that only states had human rights and duties in international law. Both following leaders and academics often maintain outstanding times. But what does it mean to converse of outstanding politics in international relations? In one intelligence exceptionality is a evocative category referring to a fundamental alter in the systemic circumstances of international politics. Furthermore, inside this piece of writing a different idea of exemption is examined. It refers to an exacting method of conceptualizing the natural world of international following order (Jens Bartelson, 2003, pp. 209-227). Therefore, the exemption defines political arrange by income of constitutional-legal way of thinking in which dissimilar understandings of the natural world and rank of international law and its following transgressions explain competing visions of international following order. The focal tip of this international politics of exemption is not the customary distinction flanked by liberal and practical human being views of international politics but the constitutio nalist harmony of normativism, decisionism, and institutionalism. In one sense the notion of exception is a evocative group referring to a fundamental change

Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Analysis paper - Essay Example Consequently, in the pursuit to deal with defraud, there was the need for the consumer protection agency. In addition, improved product warranties were also a necessity at this time. Closely associated with the issue of products warrant improvement was ensuring that there was no fault insurance. Besides the major changes that were being advocated for seeking to protect the consumer, there were other fundamental but rather minor changes that were to be addressed. Meat inspection was needed to ensure that people consumed safe food. Truth in lending, as well as packaging, was to be ensured as part of a means to ensure consumer protection. Auto safety and improvement of the workers’ living standards were also to be addressed by the consumer protection agency. Unions’ commitment to the notion of organization was a means of getting to power. Activities associated with the commitments of the unions such as their important roles that they played in the government legislation as well as protection of workers were a strategic route to power. Well, this strategy was a success and it favored most of the candidates who championed for the consumerism agenda in his/her manifesto such as President Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon (Cohen 352). Thus, consumer politics, which include more such as the socialism, cooperatives, self-sufficiency, anti-consumption as well among others, are associated with political success (Cohen 359). As much as the unions had self-centered interests of power, they contributed substantially to ensuring that consumers were provided with safe and quality products. Thus, children could no longer be fed on low nutrition foods or play with poor quality toys. There was more integrity in the labor market as well as with the processing of genuine products. Transparency was enhanced which could be seen in the truth in labeling and packaging (Cohen 352). The obvious tenacity that was profoundly

Problems Associated With Racism. Emmett Till and Trayvon Martin Essay

Problems Associated With Racism. Emmett Till and Trayvon Martin - Essay Example This was a difficult spell which was characterised by white supremacy in order to prove dominance. This dominance was displayed over a group of people who were believed not to belong in the same society as the white people. People, mostly African American, would bear the full brunt of the race factor, since they were often affiliated with negativity. This paper will review the comparison that existed between the Emmett Till lynching and the Trayvon Martin killing. Also, it will address the issue of negative perception on a certain race, and how it is affecting the American people. The negative perception from the whites helped bring forth a string of riots and rise in civil rights movements across the nation. This was since the African Americans felt that their rights were being violated. In the case of Trayvon Martin, there was a similar case of negative perception. A young man heading home from the convenient store with a bag of skittles and iced tea gets shot since he looked suspicious. He was dressed in ordinary blue jeans and wearing a hoodie. That was enough to send the young man to an early grave. This negative perception has not changed entirely even with the reforms that have taken place during the time of Martin Luther King (Metress 65). People are still misdirected, and it is taking a toll on the young African American people of America. As Mississippi was a state that had the most number of African Americans, it was hard for whites and the blacks to entirely get along. This led to the division of people and the division of everything else. There we re schools designed for the blacks, buses, and even hotels. The blacks mixing and mingling with the whites was considered a crime (Metress 72). It was a punishable offense for a black man to gaze at a white lady. That was considered inappropriate, and often led to the arrest of many black men. The perception that black men are violent often has them suspected for many violent crimes which later, leads to their persecution. In light of this, it was highly crucial for the black men and women of Mississippi to keep to their kind; attend their own schools and even, ride their own buses. However, in the wake of Emmett Till’s killing, the rise in riots and boycotts showed the strength of the African American minority group (Nelson 54). Groups that advocated for equal civil rights as the whites emerged, and pushed for equality among all people regardless of their colour. The death of Emmett Till was considered a pivotal point in the uprisings made by the African American minority. C ivil rights groups emerged in the wake of his death and wanted justice to all those responsible, while advocating for equality. This saw many black people killed in strange and bizarre circumstances. Some were bombed, others were drowned, some were bludgeoned, and others, shot to death (Nelson 63). All this happened in the name of white supremacy. It did not matter that lives were being lost and that the state was in chaos. All that mattered to the white extremists was for them to have control over the minority group. African Americans urged their children to join in the fight for equality, and they did without hesitation. They boycotted school and marched on to the streets to advocate for the treatment of all persons equally. The beating and hosing down of the children brought the president to action, and Mississippi grabbed the consideration of other states, as well. Emmett Till’s death can be considered the turning point (Nelson 72). This is because after it happened, the strength of the African American people could be felt and seen across the realm. Focus was shifted to the injustices, the killings, and

China Specialty Coffee Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

China Specialty Coffee Industry - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the existence and mere survival of an industry lie in its ability to effectively respond to the internal and external influences. It is irrefutable that business organizations' strategies mirror their unique responses to the external challenges and opportunities in the environment which, in turn, is facilitated by their internal resources and competencies. This paper will concentrate on the responses of the China specialty coffee industry to the various internal and external influences that it currently faces. Recognizing that this sector can be properly examined through the use of different strategic management tools, this report will be utilizing famous technique PEST Analysis for the external environment scanning. Meanwhile, the internal environment will be assessed through the identification of its various stakeholders through the Porter's Five Forces Model. The next section will focus on the Chinese specialty coffee market responses in the face of social and cultural diversity. This report will thoroughly examine the impact of the social and cultural trends in the industry's strategies while assessing the efficacy if their responses. Lastly, recommendations for improvement will be identified. Gaining the traditional recognition of being a tea country, marketers are aggressively and strategically transforming China into a coffee drinking nation. From its strong preference of" jasmine, oolong, green, black, and myriads of other fragrant teas the Chinese mainland is becoming more and more attuned to the rich flavor of the coffee bean, driven by the urban savvy rich and an increasingly wealthy middle class more receptive to Western taste". The current perception of coffee as a statement of fashion leads to the creation of the China coffee industry. Coffee consumption has always been associated with a cosmopolitan lifestyle which originated from the Western nations. Thus, the Chinese coffee market is largely concen trated in large cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou and is dominated by adventurous, young, open-minded, affluent, urban consumers.

Review on history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review on history - Assignment Example The article itself found that in pre-industrial and late medieval history, environmental changes and shocks were able to powerfully affect the lives of those that were considered within the case study. This of course had to do mainly with crop production, animal health and reproduction, and human life expectancy/infant mortality. As a means of gathering the data to inform the result, the researchers relied on ice core analysis from Greenland to help paint a reliable image of what weather patterns in and around this time reflected. Due to the fact that no primary sources can be relied upon due to the unscientific manner that they necessarily represented, it was up to the researchers to find alternate means of providing the data concerning environmental change during the given time (Campbell 2010). The methodology therefore consisted of utilizing these ice cores and comparing the weather results represented therein as a means of comparison with historical records regarding crop yields, quality of life, animal reproduction, and human lifespan/infant mortality figures. ... not something that has taken place in the past and will necessarily not occur again; rather, it is an ongoing and natural process, oftentimes aided on by human destruction of the environment. In such a context, seeking to understand the role that environmental change has directly affected on the lives and livelihoods of past generations is a valuable starting point from whence to seek to draw a level of inference as to what may take place in the future with regards to the same issues today. Finally, with regards to the way the data was presented, it was lain out in a way that with a proper amount of analysis the reader/researcher can readily understand what is being presented. Likewise, the main conclusions that the piece draw necessarily relate to the fact environmental change has a profound and lasting effect on the way that human societies conduct themselves and relate to economic development within the constraints of such environmental change. Key limitations to the research are of course concentric upon the fact that the primary data sources which can be drawn upon are far removed and suspect to a degree erroneous data; thereby leading to inconclusive or incorrect findings. Although this is not a fault of the researchers, it is part and parcel of seeking to perform a level of scientific and social analysis upon a time period that did not keep detailed or conclusive records. In much the same way, the second article, entitled, â€Å"The Economic Impact of the Little Ice Age† helps to shine a light on the means by which the economies of pre-industrial Europe. By means of analyzing the data sets with relation to weather patterns, crop yields, and other economic indicators, the authors are able to provide the reader/researcher with a detailed economic analysis of the

Propose system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Propose system - Essay Example I would ensure that a constitutional democracy is set up consisting of three-tier system of government similar to that of the United States. However, I shall make some changes in the judicial system that will have to be autonomous and publicly elected by the people to ensure impartiality in the delivery of services. Consequently, in order to reduce the workload in courts, I would establish two independent courts: the constitutional court and the Supreme Court operating independent of each other. In this case, the Constitutional court will only be concerned with cases pertaining to constitutional matters while the Supreme Court will serve as the highest court dealing with appeals independent of constitutional matters. For lawmakers, I would create a Congress house made up of several representatives to serve the interest of everyone from provices. However, I will ensure that the representation is distributed in accordance with the population of the provinces. This implies that provinces with few people will have low representation. The population density will be determined using census report, which will be conducted within a span of 10 years, (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 2008). Like the federal system, the party with the majority of congress representatives will establish the government of the day, elect its president, and the vice president. I will also make sure that there is a national Council of Religion similar to the U.S. Senate where each religious faction is given equal representation as noted by Wood (2002). This will certainly help reduce any conflict that may result if the distribution is not equitably allocated. I will also ensure that there is the executive branch that controls the religious council, the power, which I will vest upon the vice president. The political parties will play a major role in ensuring that bills are passed by the Council and

English Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English - Article Example The author is strongly against the state and other forces censoring the entertainment industry. He cites The Ed Sullivan Show as having been one of the greatest shows to suffer under the US suppressive policies in the 1960s. The author concludes by stating that the US democratic policies are always conflicting with freedom of artistic expression citing the barring of music composers and performers from performing as an example. Although Dylan made himself a name by his song ‘Talking’, he never realized his ambition of airing it in The Ed Sullivan Show. Though plans were underway for the particular single, Dylan never received an invitation. Thereafter, the organizers urged him to change his remove the song from the playlist, stating that it had some defamatory elements. Dylan blatantly objected to this kind of censorship, a decision that cost him all the concerts. Despite the fact that several radio and TV stations banned a popular single by the Rolling Stones, it finally gained unprecedented popularity in 1967. The Rolling Stones decides to work beyond the barrier of Censorship to launch their single "Lets Spend the Night Together" on The Ed Sullivan Show. This relentless attitude enhanced their status as artistic icons. Owing to the fact that in 1967, few groups had singles like the Doors, the Doors were undoubtedly more famous than any other group at the time. Their first hiccup started when their maiden performance at Monterey backfired followed by a series of concert cancellation by either the police or the promoters. The concerned parties cited gross misconduct and ‘indecent’ content as responsible for massive censorship of their music. Although the three examples were not the only reported cases on censorship on the US entertainment industry, the TV broadcast they received made them more pronounced. Particularly justifies is the Rock and Roll Style that most conservatives considered offensive and against the acceptable norms.

Pastoral care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pastoral care - Essay Example The same is applied to the church minister, the help and support of whom is sought while performing spiritual obligations; baptism, matrimonial services, funeral services and prayers at every joyous and gloomy incident are included the religious obligations according to the Christian faith, which could not be performed without the presence and supervision of the church ministers. One of the most important role played by the pastors included the providing of complete guidance to the Christian community in their religious affairs. While pastoral care, according to Malphurs, may have been an aspect of what some leaders in the Old Testament did, their primary role was that of leadership (2003:1). Although the Christian community has separated the role and duties of the state and the church, where the former enjoys all the privileges from devising and implementation of all the policies and strategies related to internal, external, political, social and financial affairs of the country on the one hand, and ruling over the masses through all state agencies and institutions on the other. On the other hand, the powers of the church have been confined to religious affairs, though the church is supreme in this regards, and everyone seeks its help in all spiritual activities and matters at large; it is particularly the case at the eve of birth, matrimony and death of every Christian. Pastor services maintain central place in Christianity particularly at the eve of the death of every follower of the faith. Pastoral services are conducted in order to identify the spiritual relationship between man and his Lord, where the Lord has the power to bestow life and impose death upon every human, and thus soul is bound to return to the Lord after spending the appointed time on the earth. Pastoral care services are conducted in the name of Jesus Christ, who has

Pornography Essay Example for Free

Pornography Essay The rising debate concerning pornography has stirred and separated societies in the way it promotes the concept of free speech while at the same time disregarding values and morals of a particular ideology. Such variation in the spectrum of interpretation has left the debate in a controversial and difficult position. In the end, it all boils down to the capabilities of an individual to synthesize the issue not on the perspectives of bias or subjectivity, but how objectively facts will point out to the reality. The chapter highlighted and elaborated on the important arguments and facts concerning the issue of pornography in the United States. Seeking to showcase an evolutionary framework, the author has pointed out the controversial and important issues besetting pornography. By showing the different viewpoints among varied sectors in society, the reader can have an active look of the arguments that are in place. Each part can be subdivided to the several accounts of people who justify the place of pornography in society and also its relative critics who deem it to be immoral and unjust. The first part of the argument deals with the evolution of how censorship had deemed the freedom of expressing one’s idea towards a certain field or art. A typical era or period history has seen manifestation of social control over what is considered lewd and indecent. According to (‘The First Amendment’) â€Å"over the centuries different generations have defined and redefined what is considered publicly indecent. † (p. 270) The next section of the chapter focuses on the controversial film and the characterization of Larry Flynt. The movie; The People vs. Larry Flynt, has been hounded by controversy and criticisms over its detractors. Furthering the argument, the chapter focused on several comments given by members of the media that manifest a support for the film. On the other side, the points of critics were also shown in the article so as to balance and maintain an objective course. Seeing this, Flynt and its supporters including the director and staff argue on behalf of the First Amendment and free speech and the man’s dedication over things while critics’ arguments circumvent on moral and degenerative issues it creates among women, children and American society as a whole. The next section of the chapter highlights the arguments for and against controlling the propagation of indecent materials over the internet. It can be argued that the rise of technology not only gave more accesses to children but at the same time stimulated and enhanced the industry of pornography. The article shows the failure of the Communications Decency Act to promote such efforts of control pornography in the internet. The (‘The First Amendment’) chapter states that â€Å"the court, while disagreeing about some issues in the case, unanimously concluded that reducing online communication to a safe-kids standard is unconstitutional† (p. 290). This basis is again garnered and derived from the First Amendment Rule. With this, the article again presented arguments for and against the Supreme Court ruling. It showcased the positive effects it can do to create information about certain relevant things deemed immoral and obscene by several people. On the other hand, seeking the protection of the innocent and children have catapulted critics into disagreeing to the arguments presented by the court. (‘The First Amendment’) article states that â€Å"there is no reason that the laws that govern the distribution of the other â€Å"indecent† material to children in the form of magazines and videos should not apply in the internet as well (p. 94)† Analysis After seeing and reading the arguments presented by both supporters and critics alike of pornography, several issues can be seen. First is that every argument mentioned revolves around a particular principle. For supporters it involves the issue of freedom of speech and expression. While on the other hand, the issue of values and morality surround critics’ views. Second, the idea of establishing the foundation of which side is right remains to be difficult since both arguments for and against the issue of pornography hold their equivalent ground. Looking closer on the arguments of curtailing pornography, there are indeed striking wiles concerning its total control. Craven argues that â€Å"most rational people can agree that behavior that does harm could be categorized as immoral, evil or wrong† (p. 6). Such belief is rooted on several values and ideals promoted by an individual’s affiliation. On the other hand, proponents and advocates wouldn’t care less especially if the issue of pornography raises the economic status of individuals. The profitability of the new industry especially with the consistent development of technology makes it feasible for individuals to dwell in the practice. The Ethics Religious Liberty Commission says that â€Å"pornography revenue exceeds the combined revenues of all professional, baseball, football, and basketball franchises and the combined revenues of ABC, CBS, and NBC. † (p. 1) Seeing such patronage only means one thing, people tolerate pornography. I am not saying that it should be left alone. There must be a responsible practice among members of society to actively regulate the amount of information given. This especially applies to children below 18 years of age. By doing this, children are protected from whatever information that can be obtained from these websites. In addition, monitoring mechanisms must be put in place to safeguard the interest of children. In the end, though the debate concerning pornography may reach a stalemate, each individual has the capability to ask responsibly. Yes, the principles of values, freedom, and morality are all in place. What individuals must do is to create a responsible practice of these actions. By doing so, they may have an objective approach in dealing with the said issue.

The Tourist Gaze by John Urry | Summary and Analysis

The Tourist Gaze by John Urry | Summary and Analysis Critically consider the argument that Urry’s concept of the ‘tourist gaze’ places too much emphasis on the visual. Urry’s ‘tourist gaze’ remains one of the most influential concepts in tourism research. The ideas developed by Urry are still widely quoted and relevant today but a major criticism of his work is that too much emphasis is placed on the visual aspects of being a tourist rather than the whole experience. This essay will investigate this claim before concluding whether or not this is the case. In order to do this, this essay will be broken into several parts. The first section will look at what the ‘tourist gaze’ actually is. It is important to have a definition of this term before proceeding with the rest of the assignment. The second part of this essay will draw on wider academic research to test whether or not Urry’s ideas do place too much emphasis on the visual. The final part of this essay will bring together all the arguments to form some sort of conclusion. In order to fully understand the ‘tourist gaze’ it would be useful to have a clear understanding of what a tourist is and what tourism as an activity is. Turner et al. (2005) define a tourist as, â€Å"someone who has travelled to another place for a brief sojourn, an experience that necessarily entails a distinct period of transition and discontinuity from the everyday world† (p. 11). Urry (2002) describes the act of tourism as, â€Å"a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in ‘modern’ societies† (p. 2). The environments that these tourists visit are subject to what Urry (1990) has described as the ‘tourist gaze’. Urry states that tourists are, â€Å"directed to features of the landscape that, which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed bec ause they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary†. The tourist and the viewpoints are manipulated, â€Å"so that the gaze falls upon what the gazer expects to see† (Turner et al, 2005: 11). Most of the time this gaze is from a static location but if it is mobile then it is directed from an insulated environment such as from a train window or a sign-posted route. The tourist only sees what they are supposed to see. Urry (1990) states, â€Å"the typical tourist experience is†¦to see named scenes through a frame, such as the hotel window, the car windscreen or the window of the coach† (p. 100). In a sense, real life is suspended or hidden away in these places so that the tourist can gaze upon what upon they expect to see. For example, in the Lake District in England, houses can only be built to very exacting specifications with traditional methods and materials. This helps to preserve the traditional look of the area. This expectation has been built up by promotional material such as brochures and adverts on the television. Goss (1993) argues that tourism marketing provide tourists with representational images of the places they are about to visit and this helps form an imaginary construction for the tourist. Culler (1981) argues that tourists read the landscape for anything that represents these pre-established notions. In The Tourist Gaze, Urry (1990) states that when we go away and become tourists, â€Å"we look at the environment†¦we gaze at what we encounter†¦and the gaze is socially constructed† (p. 1). Perkins and Thorns (2001) state that there is no single uniform gaze, rather it is, â€Å"varied temporally and across social groups and that the concept of the gaze encapsulates tourists’ experiences and is an interpretation of the things they seek and do when on holiday† (p. 187). Perkins and Thorns (2001) go on to argue that, â€Å"the gaze is a concept which comprises a way of looking at the world which simultaneously forms what is seen and the way of seeing† (p 187). There have been numerous criticisms leveled at Urry’s concept of the ‘tourist gaze’. Perhaps the most common one and of most interest to this essay is that the gaze doesn’t fully capture the tourist experience. Perkins and Thorns (2001) argue that there needs to be more of a focus on the concept of the tourist performance because in places like New Zealand, tourists are more about ‘doing’ rather than simply ‘seeing’ or ‘gazing’ and, â€Å"thus about putting their bodies into tourism in a way that is not reflected in much of the analysis arising from a focus upon the tourist gaze† (p. 199). This criticism highlights an important change in the tourism industry. This is the search for authentic experiences and the search for experiences that invigorates all the senses. Thrift (1999) suggests that tourists want ‘contact’ with their surroundings. This contact goes beyond the visual realms as suggested by Urry. As Franklin and Crang (2001) point out that tourists, â€Å"are seeking to be doing something in the places they visit rather than being endlessly spectatorially passive† (p. 13). Franklin and Chang go on to suggest that tourists have become bored by the gaze. MacCannell (1989) states that, â€Å"touristic consciousness is motivated by its desire for authentic experiences, and the tourist may believe that he is moving in this direction, but often it is very difficult to know for sure if the experience is in fact authentic. It is always possible that what is taken to be entry into a back region is really entry into a front region that has been totally set up in advance for touristic visitation† (p. 101). Urry fails to notice the distinction between authentic experiences and inauthentic ones. MacCannell (2001) believes there is a second gaze, one that is in a way suspicious of the totally visual elements of the tourist gaze. The second gaze is where the tourist is aware that, â€Å"something is being concealed from it†¦the second gaze knows that seeing is not believing. Some things will remain hidden from it†¦The second gaze turns back onto the gazing subject an ethical responsibility for the construction of its own existen ce† (p. 36). MacCannell (2001) finds the concept of the tourist gaze as defined by Urry too narrow a concept and argues that it is, â€Å"a blueprint for the transformation of the global system of attractions into an enormous set of mirrors to serve the narcissistic needs of dull egos† (p. 26). Nicholson-Lord (2002) is in partial agreement although he also takes issue with the concept of the second gaze as well. He argues that, â€Å"tourism is a powerful cultural solvent; it takes customs and beliefs that are locally rooted and distinctive, puts them into the global blending machine and turns them into liquefied gunk to which a mass market has been primed to respond† (p. 24). Although MacCannell is arguing for the need for a wider experience than Urry suggests, they have both been criticized by those who suggest that they focus too exclusively on the tourist experience and the subjectivity of the tourist. Little mention is given to the subjectivity of the host. In a world where affluent tourists are able to seek out experiences and gaze upon sights in worlds that are just becoming open to them, little mention is given to how this affects the host cultures. Bianchi (2001) states that, â€Å"in a world of hyper-mobile capital, instant communications and the mass movement of peoples, international tourism encapsulates the contradictory forces at play in today’s world. These are mobility and freedom for the wealthy few, and immobility and impoverishment for the disenfranchised many† (p. 16). This imbalance is completely ignored in the work of Urry. It would be fair to argue that this is because he places too much emphasis on the visual for the t ourist and not enough on looking at the wider impact of tourism on the hosts. As we move into an age of more ethically aware tourism, this becomes more of an important concept. Of course, Urry would argue that there is no single gaze and that this movement to more ethical tourism is just simply a different gaze for a different type of tourist but the fact that he ignores the impact of tourism on the host cultures is evidence that his preoccupations are elsewhere. The tourist gaze as a concept is a helpful one when studying tourism. It helps us to understand how tourism has evolved and changed over the past few decades. It also helps us to understand how we as tourists act as players within a larger system that has been created to match our expectations of what we want to see on when we go on holiday with the supposed reality of what is actually there. It helps us to understand all the visual sign-posts that are created to help match up these two worlds, the reality and what we expect to see. However, this concept does have some limitations. Although it tries to be all encapsulating, trying to explain all our visual experiences by saying that people from different classes seek different things and gaze on different things when they go on holiday, it is still too narrow. It fails to really encapsulate the entire essence of tourism which is the experiences that you have that can’t be explained away as simply visual. This essay has touched on the notion of performance and contact. This is what tourism is all about. It is about the experiences that you have that come from the smells and sounds and the activities you partake in in the place you are visiting. Of course the sights play a huge part in this but they are not the whole experience. Another place that Urry’s concept falls flat is his failure to look at tourism from the point of view of the host culture. In this day and age where we are becoming more ethically aware in everything that we consume, including our tourism, this is quite a big failure of the concept. It’s preoccupation on the consumers and how they are being manipulated with no mention of how these consumers impact on the cultures that they visit. Urry’s concept is still useful but it is getting less and less relevant in today’s market. Bibliography and References Chin, C.B.N. 2008, Cruising in the Global Economy: Profits, Pleasure and Work at Sea, London: Ashgate. Franklin, A. and Chang, M. 2001, The trouble with tourism and travel theory?, Tourist Studies, 1(1), 5-22. Goss, J. 1993, Placing the Market and Marketing the Place: Tourist Advertising of the Hawaiian Islands, 1972-1992, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 11, 663-688. MacCannell, D. 1992, Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers, London: Routledge. McGuigan, J. 2004, Rethinking Cultural Policy, London: McGraw-Hill International Perkins, H.C. and Thorns, D.C. 2001, Gazing or Performing?: Reflections on Urry’s Tourist Gaze in the Context of Contemporary Experience in the Antipodes, International Sociology, 16(2), 185-204. Thrift, N. (1999) ‘Still Life in Present Time:The Object of Nature’, conference paper  presented to Sociality/Materialism – The Status of the Object in Social Science,  Brunel University, UK 9–11 September 1999. Turner et al. 2005, The Tourist Gaze: Towards Contextualised Virtual Environments, Kluwer. Urry, J. 1990, The Tourist Gaze, London: Sage. Urry, J. 1992, The Tourist Gaze â€Å"Revisited†, American Behavioral Scientist, 36, 172-186.

Examining The Bromination And Debromination Of Cholesterol Biology Essay

Examining The Bromination And Debromination Of Cholesterol Biology Essay Bromination/debromination which is an important organic reaction that aims in purification of crude cholesterol from impurities which include 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol was performed in a laboratory scale for two weeks. Due to steric constraints, only cholesterol reacted with bromine and crystallized from the solution making it possible to be separated (Feiser, and Williamson 63). The dibromocholesterol formed is regenerated by reacting with Zinc dust. In addition, three methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness. These were Sodium Iodide test, Silver Nitrate test, and Sulfuric acid test. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yellow. The formation of the precipitate also indicated a positive result. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 ° and 2 ° alkyl halides through an SN2 mechanism.  On the other hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2o and 3 ° alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism.   Negative results were observed for both the commercial cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane (Zubrick 38). Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3  test and a negative result for the NaI test. The synthesized cholesterol was 0.29 gram and the theoretical yield was 1.08 gram. This gave a percent yield of 26.9 gram. Although this was a low yield the TLC analysis confirmed a high purity of the synthesized cholesterol. The melting point of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. TLC analysis was carried out to confirm the purity of the analysis. The distance traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5 whereas that travelled by the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The absence of other spots on the TLC plate confirms that there were no contaminations present in the sample. Introduction Cholesterol is an important steroidal compound found in both animals and plants. Despite the fact that cholesterol causes diseases, it plays a vital role in life. For example, cholesterol is the main structural component in cell walls and in myelin sheath formation. It is also a major precursor for most steroid hormones. Crude cholesterol is isolated from natural sources and various methods have been used in its purification. Crude cholesterol contains approximately 3-5% contamination. Some of the contaminants are 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol shown below. Figure 2: Some common contaminants of commercial cholesterol The main objective of this experiment was to purify commercial cholesterol using organic reaction chemistry, including the use of the electrophilic addition. For complete purification of cholesterol from the above impurities is achieved by a reaction of bromine with cholesterol to generate dibromocholesterol. Because of the steroid ring structure present in these compounds that causes steric constraints, only cholesterol reacts with bromine to form an insoluble diaxial dibromo compound through electrophilic addition. On the other hand, cholestanal does not react with bromine and the other two contaminants are dehydrogenated by bromine leading to formation of soluble dienes and trienes respectively. The dibromo-cholesterol precipitates as a solid leaving the other impurities in the reaction solvent. A purification step such as solvent washing or crystallization is carried out to separate the solid from the impurities. The so lid dibromo-cholesterol is then reacted with zinc in order to regenerate pure cholesterol. Figure 1: Reaction Scheme for the Bromination/Debromination of Cholesterol To test the effectiveness of this reaction three different chemical tests namely sodium iodide in acetone, silver nitrate in ethanol test, and sulfuric acid test, were performed. Each of these tests is selective for a specific functional group. Dibromocholesterol contains both primary and secondary alkyl halides and reacts with a sodium iodide in acetone and silver nitrate in ethanol to form a precipitate or a cloudy solution. In addition, the presence of double bonds in dibromocholesterol in form of alkene makes it possible for the formation of a fluorescent green sulfuric acid layer and a red chloroform layer when reacted with sulfuric acid (Landgrebe 78). Material and Methods 1g of commercial cholesterol was added to a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 7 mL t-butylmethyl ether was measured with a graduated cylinder and added to the flask containing the cholesterol and a magnetic stir bar. A water bath was then set up on the hotplate in the hood. The Erlenmeyer flask contain the reaction solution was inserted into the water bath and clamped as shown below. The heat and the stirrer were turned on and gently heat until all the cholesterol dissolved in t-butylmethyl ether. Figure 3:   Set-up for bromination reaction (Note: the actual reaction mixture is not blue) The flask was removed from the water bath after all the cholesterol was completely dissolved and allowed to cool to room temperature. After the cholesterol solution was cooled, the flask was clamped to the ring on the hot plate as shown in figure 4 and stirred without heating. A burette was then used to dispense 5 mL of bromine solution into the flask. A precipitate solution formed almost immediately. Figure 4:   Set-up for the Addition of Bromine The water bath was replaced with ice and tap water and the reaction solution stirred intermittently with a glass stir rod for ~ 10 minutes to complete the crystallization of the product. About 20 mL of the t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid solution was then dispensed in a clean 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask which was clamped to a ring stand and allowed to cool in the ice bath. A vacuum filtration was done using a Buchner funnel and filter paper. The solid in the filter was washed using ~10 mL of the cooled solution of t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid and then with ~10 ml of methanol. The solid was then allowed to dry with the vacuum on for about 5 minutes. the dibromocholesterol melting point was measured and recorded. The dry solid was weighted and sealed in a vial and stored for next experiment. To debrominate cholesterol, 20 mL of t-butylmethyl ether, 5 mL of acetic acid and 0.2 g of Zn dust were added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the dibromocholesterol solid. The mixture was swir led for 5-10 minutes in the hood and sonicated in 5 minutes to allow the reaction to go completion. After sonication the solids present were removed by gravity filtration method into a clean 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The filtrate was transferred to a 125 mL separatoryHYPERLINK http://community.acphs.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/Arts%20and%20Sci/Courses/CHE211/Common/lab/Organic-sde/BP-Dist/BP_General.html funnel in which 20 mL of deionized water was added, shaken and allowed to separate into layers. The two layers formed were then separated as water layers and organic (ether) layers. The ether layer was washed with 20 mL of 10% NaOH and then 20 mL of saturated NaCl solution. 100mg of the drying agent magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer and the solution swirled until dry. The drying agent was removed by gravity filtration using a glass funnel fluted filter paper and a very dry 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was placed in a warm water bath and then ice cooled for 10 minut es until all but 5 mL of the ether remained following a precipitate formation from the solution. The remaining solvent was decanted and the synthesized cholesterol transferred and allowed to dry in the hood for 20 minutes.The dry solid was weighed and the weight recorded. In addition the melting point was also taken and recorded. To evaluate the effectiveness of the bromination reaction three chemical reactions mentioned above were carried out. NaI in acetone test Five test tubes labeled A, B, C, D and E were used for this test.   About 30 mg of the commercial cholesterol starting material was added to tube A; ~30 mg of dibromocholesterol to tube B; ~30 mg of the synthesized cholesterol product to tube C; ~0.3 mL of 1-chlorobutane to tube D; and ~ 0.3 mL of t-butyl chloride to tube E.   In addition, about 3 mL of acetone was added to each tube to completely dissolve all the compounds.   Solutions A-E was used to do the NaI in acetone test as well as the AgNO3 in ethanol test. Tubes A-C did the TLC as well. The NaI in Acetone and AgNO3 in Ethanol tests were performed by setting up a test tube rack containing ten small test tubes. The test tubes were labeled N1 N5 and A1 A5. 1 mL of NaI in acetone reagent was added to test tubes N1 N5, and 1 mL of AgNO3 in ethanol reagent to test tubes A1 A5. This was followed by adding 5-8 drops of A solution to test tube N1 and tube A1, 5-8 drops of solution B to test tube N2 and tube A2, 5-8 drops of solution C to to test tube N3 and tube A3, 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N4 and tube A4, and 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N5 and tube A5. The test tubes were heated for a while and all the observations recorded. The sulfuric acid for alkenes test was performed by additional solutions of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol with five dry-cleaned test tubes 1-5. 10 mg of commercial cholesterol was placed in tube 1, ~10mg of the dibromocholesterol to tube 2 ~10 mg of your synthesized cholesterol to tube 3, ~10 mg of 2-chlorobutane to tube 4, and 10 mg of cyclohexene to tube 5.  About 1 mL of chloroform (CHCl3) was added to each tube and vortex to completely dissolve all solids.   In addition, 0.5 mL of H2SO4 was then added to each tube. The observation for this reaction was recorded in the notebook. The TLC analysis of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol was performed by obtaining a silica gel TLC plate and setting it up to run TLC analysis on solutions A-C above. The plate was spotted with each solution and developed by placing the plate using 30% ethyl acetate: 70% hexane as the mobile phase. The developed plates were viewed under UV lamp and in the I2 chamber and observations recorded. Results Table 1 Percent Yield of synthesized cholesterol Actual Yield 0.29g Theoretical Yield 1.08g Percent Yield 26.9% Mass of Synthesized Dibromocholesterol was 1.57g Table 2 Melting Point Test Compound Temperature  °C Commercial Cholesterol 144.6-150.3 Dibromochesterol 105-109 Synthesized Cholesterol 147 Table 3 Sodium Iodide test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol None Dibromocholesterol + Yellow Synthesized Cholesterol + Chunky Yellow 1-Chlorobutane + Yellow Tert-Butyl Chloride + Cloudy Table 4 Silver Nitrate test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol None Dibromocholesterol + Cloudy Synthesized Cholesterol + Cloudy Yellow 1-Chlorobutane None Tert-Butyl Chloride + Cloudy Table 5: Sulfuric Acid Test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol + Color Dibromocholesterol + Color Synthesized Cholesterol + Color 1-Bromobutane None Tert-Butyl Chloride + Color Table 6: Thin Layer Chromatography: In 30% Ethyl Acetate/70% Hexane Commercial Cholesterol 5.5 1.0 5.5 Dibromocholesterol 4 0.73 5.5 Synthesized Cholesterol 4.6 0.84 5.5 Discussion The yield of the synthesized cholesterol was .29 grams (Table 1). The theoretical yield was 1.08 grams. The actual yield was calculated by taking the difference of the weight of the round bottom flask and the synthesized cholesterol by the synthesized cholesterols weight alone. The percent yield was calculated to be 26.9 percent. The synthesize process was not efficient due to the low yield and percent yield of the synthesized cholesterol. The melting point of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yellow. The formation of the precipitate also indicated a positive result. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 ° and 2 ° alkyl halides through an SN2 mechanism.  On the other hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2o and 3 ° alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism.   Negative results were observed for both the commercial cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane. Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3  test and a negative result for the NaI test. The stationary phase of the TLC test was the silica gel TLC plate and the mobile phase was 30% Ethyl Acetate/70% Hexane (Table 6). The distance traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5, and for the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The difference in the distance traveled and the R f values of the samples commercial and synthesized cholesterol were pure. Since there were no other spots visible on the TLC plate was a clear indication that there were no contaminations of other chemical compounds present in the sample.

Essay --

The 14th Vienna Secessionist exhibition (1902) was dedicated to the appreciation and celebration of Ludwin van Beethoven. The famous and renowned German composer that had influenced thousands with his music. Gustav Klimt created his Beethoven frieze for this exhibition. The work of art was originally intended to be destroyed after the exhibition. It was applied directly to the walls with light materials so that its removal would be quick and easy. The Beethoven frieze is painted along the upper half of three walls. The paintings of the walls tell a story with the left wall being the beginning and the right wall being the end. The work of art was a 34 meter long frieze and was applied onto the wall with casein paint, gold paint, chalk, and graphite on plaster. The Frieze survived because it was bought by a collector before the exhibition came to a close. The collector had it cut into 8 pieces for transportation and the Frieze was not seen for another 80 years. Later, in 1973 the Austr ian Republic bought and restored it and placed it on permanent display in the Vienna Secession Building. The first long wall of the Beethoven frieze marks the beginning of a story. It begins with a series of elongated female figures that seem to flow along the top of an empty space. Their eyes are closed and some have their arms extended in from of them as if they were trying to reach out to something. They almost seem to represent the soul’s longing for peace and tranquility. Flowing into the background of the first predominant painting. This part of the Frieze shows, a family praying or begging to a noble knight. The family is completely naked with an overlying sense of poverty and suffering. It shows the father and mother figure on their knees wit... ...e frieze find their place when they come upon a woman playing a lyre. The lyre signifies poetry and music while the woman is a muse to for the human soul. The Last portion of the frieze shows the female figures once again but their arms are no longer reaching out and their faces have a sense of satisfaction. Their bodies are curved as if dancing to the sound of music. To the right of them there is a choir of women that seem to be singing. Since the Frieze was painting for the celebration of Beethoven it is believed that the choir is singing ode to joy. In between the choir there is what seems to be an altar where a man and a woman are holding each other tightly. The sun and the moon hang on either side of the man and woman. This portion of the frieze has been titled â€Å"A kiss to the world†. Neither of their heads are visible and their feet are bound together by water

E-commerce and the New World Order :: Internet Online Communication Essays

E-commerce and the New World Order INTRODUCTION: Imagine a town with a population of 500 people. Everyone knows each other in person, where gossip and rumors are the daily norms and where the community struggles to survive each day on basic physiological needs (water, food). There’s no form of entertainment, no technological presence, just a local pub down the street, where many people come to drink just to socialize and pass the time. The only news that is important to them is the news within the community. Now imagine the same town, a few decades later, with a growing population. This town has integrated technology into their daily lives. The town can now trade among other communities near by, while aware of the activities of the towns around them, of the country as a whole and of the news that circulates around the globe. It is this economy which greater resembles the economy in which we now live in. This economy is known as the information society, where traditional physical restrictions are now eliminated to the advantage of exploring other cultures and communities across space and time. This economy provides efficient forms of communication while enhancing the knowledge and ability of each individual in its society. In order to relate and comprehend this new economy, and to acknowledge its existence, we must first examine the changes that have taken place, and the benefits and disadvantages that are associated with it. It is by looking at each aspect that we can conclude that a new economy has formed and has impacted the ways we conduct our daily lives. ESSAY NWO: THE NEW WORLD ORDER Imagine a community in the industrial age, where mass production of goods and services are produced, where quality and originality are lost and where the creator/author loses power to control those who uses his/her information. The only news and transactions that circulates and matter within the community are those, which are local. Now imagine the same community where technological innovation has taken over, where computers are the new form of communication, where news that happen from one area of the world greatly affects other areas of the world. Where a wide variety of goods and services are now offered throughout the world, and where transactions and investment occurs at the tip of your fingers in your very own home.

Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki :: history

Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Ever since the dawn of time man has found new ways of killing each other. The most destructive way of killing people known to man would have to be the atomic bomb. The reason why the atomic bomb is so destructive is that when it is detonated, it has more than one effect. The effects of the atomic bomb are so great that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would envy the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These devastating physical effects come from the atomic bomb’s blast, the atomic bomb’s thermal radiation, and the atomic bomb’s nuclear radiation. An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom. This power comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy. The process by which this is done is known as fission. The only two atoms suitable for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239 (Outlaw Labs). Fission occurs when a neutron, a subatomic particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart. When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released. These neutrons then in turn strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released. If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power (World Book, 1990). This chain reaction can be attained in two different ways. The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type. In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell. One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest. The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel. A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical mass. When the fuse is triggered, a conventional explosion causes the second subcritical mass to be propelled at a high velocity into the first subcritical mass. The resulting combination causes the two subcritical masses to become a supercritical mass. When this supercritical mass is obtained, a rapid self-sustained chain reaction is caused (World Book, 1990). This type of atomic bomb was used on

The Goal A Process Of Ongoing Improvement Accounting Essay

The mill green goodss machined assemblies furnished to other workss in the UniWare division as constituents of end-items, and besides sold straight as trim parts assemblies to larger end-user clients. The company has a competent and well-trained staff, each of whom is a capable affair expert in their several maps. UniCo is led by extremely experient directors, each of whom has been exposed to progressively broadened duties for different UniCo maps. UniCo ‘s clients want quality merchandises delivered on-time at a sensible monetary value. In order to command monetary values, UniCo ‘s direction has become progressively efficient at cut downing costs in several operational countries. Fiscal public presentation coverage is provided at every degree of production in keen item so that functional cost budgets can be produced and managed with great preciseness. Automation has been introduced at several degrees to increase production efficiencies and have resulted in unprecedented nest eggs in production clip and station production rate. Even with the debut of the robotics, somehow direction has been able to fulfill the rigorous demands of its nonionized work force to accomplish para in its labour dealingss.Problem faced by Alex ‘s divisionAlex ‘s works portions some not-so-complimentary common traits with real-world organisations. He has orders surrounding on two-months behind scheduled bringing day of the month. He has over $ 20 million in unsold finished goods stock list sitting in a local warehouse. The points that can be delivered are being hurried up through the mill with overtime and particular handling involved at every measure. As a consequence of the bringing slippage, gross revenues are decelerating down, stuff costs are skyrocketing, and every efficiency metric is heading downward at an dismaying rate. Furthermore, the division is confronting an increasing hard currency deficit which in bend might take to its inability to pay rewards. The company informs Alex that he has 3 months to turn around the state of affairs else by the terminal of the financial twelvemonth, UniCo would close down this unprofitable operation and sell them off to a highest bidder. Alex ‘s occupation and calling are now on the line as a new proprietor would non desire to maintain an unprofitable or uneffective director around to run the same organisation.Meeting JonahAlex by pure opportunity ran into person who introduces him to another manner of believing about his state of affairs, his old natural philosophy professor Jonah. Alex, describes his house ‘s investing in mechanization and how it has led to increased productiveness. Jonah, in bend, questions Alex about some cardinal identifiers of productiveness such as diminishing stock list, cut downing disbursals, and selling more merchandises. Although Alex could n't affirmatively react to any of them, at that point, he was confident that the issues faced in his works were merely some annoyance jobs, non the death of his full organisation. Jonah takes a minute to uncover the false belief of logic in Alex ‘s concluding – holding accepted many things without oppugning the common sense in their intent and application. Jonah leaves Alex to chew over the construct of productiveness and what it means to a concern.Identifying the GoalProductivity is defined as carry throughing something in footings of ends. In order to place the end, Alex has a thought session with his works accountant Lou, and they both agree that â€Å" The end of any concern is to increase net net income while at the same time increasing return on investing and hard currency flow, or fundamentally to do money † . Though they arrived at a end, neither was cognizant of a scheme to accomplish all 3 at the same clip.Introduction of new constructsWhen Alex discusses this with Jonah, he reveals that operationally, a concern must increase throughput, while at the same time cut downi ng stock list and operational disbursals. Throughput: Rate at which the system generates money through gross revenues. Inventory: It is the money invested in things intended to be sold. Operational disbursals: All the money spent to change over stock list into throughput. When Alex asks how he ‘s supposed to mensurate these elements, he is reminded by Jonah that, â€Å" We are non concerned with local optimums, † mentioning to conventional cost accounting studies. Jonah is a busy single and Alex realizes that Jonah will supply Alex with the concepts for him to divine the replies to the implicit in constructs. Alex must believe through the replies on his ain.Identifying the Core ProblemAlex takes clip to believe about how the three measurings would use to his peculiar state of affairs. He gathers together his focal point group which consists of Lou, the accountant, Bob, the production director, and Stacey, the stock list control director to bind operational solutions together for the full works. Together they reveal that the beginning of the monolithic stock list is the consequence of overrun of unneeded parts being made to unnaturally maintain the efficiency metrics up. Alternatively of bring forthing what is needed for gross revenues, th e works is bring forthing every individual portion every phase can manage. Capacity for bring forthing needed parts is unavailable because it is being tied up bring forthing the extra parts. Jonah reveals that: Money is most of import to direction over efficiency. Cost accounting is the figure one enemy of productiveness. A works in which everyone is working all the clip is inefficient. Jonah points out that the lone manner to make extra stock list is by holding extra work force. By paring extra capacity to cut disbursals, without cut downing stock list and increasing gross revenues you trigger downward throughput and increased stock list. If you attain merely one or two of the three elements of productiveness measuring, you are non working towards your end – to cut down operational disbursal and cut down stock list while at the same time increasing throughput.Dependent events and statistical fluctuationsJonah reveals that when capacity is trimmed to marketing demands, throughput goes down and inventory skyrockets. The transporting costs of stock list, an operational disbursal, besides go up. This addition tends to countervail the nest eggs presented by the original effort to lower operational costs through labour decreases. If capacity is trimmed to run into demand, demand continues to drop, transporting costs go up, and finally you have no more market left for a mountain of stock list. Two specific phenomena are identified which cause this consequence – dependent events and statistical fluctuations. Dependent events are a series of events that must take topographic point prior to another one beginning, or in other words, the subsequent event depends on the 1s prior to it. Statistical fluctuations are the consequence of certain types of prognostic information that can non be determined exactly. These fluctuations influence anticipation of mistake per centums, market demand estimations, and efforts to mensurate productiveness. Alex understands these 2 phenomena when he goes on a hike trip. During the hiking, he notices that the line of tramps exhibits an uneven form of stretching farther and farther apart the longer they hike. He notices that one tramp Herbie appears to be keeping up the staying behind him. Harmonizing to direction scientific discipline, even though these tramps are all at different rates, their mean rate of advancement should be estimable. This mean rate should go the nominal rate of advancement for the full troop. Alternatively the troop is doing concluding advancement, or finishing the hiking, at the rate of its slowest member, Herbie. The hiking is similar to a set of dependent events capable to statistical fluctuations. Over clip, the fluctuations do non average out, but instead accumulate because the influence of dependent events limits the chances for addition fluctuations. The length of the line of tramps becomes comparable to the entire production clip of a procedure. Alex tries an effort at re-balancing the capacity by puting Herbie at the forepart of the line, that manner the production length wo n't be given to stretch out as earlier. It does n't stretch, but it ‘s still traveling every bit slow as Herbie. Herbie must be made faster, or addition throughput capacity, in order for the whole line to derive throughput. Herbie ‘s back pack burden is lightened and distributed among the troop and the full troop doubles its gait as a consequence of the alteration.Identifying ConstrictionsAlex returns to the works merely to hold his observations in the hike trip confirmed by a production capacity trial. Jonah now introduces the concepts of constrictions and non-bottlenecks. A constriction is any resource whose capacity is equal to or less than the demand placed upon it. A non-bottleneck is any resource whose capacity is greater than the demand placed upon it. If bottleneck capacity is kept equal to demand, and demand beads, costs will travel up ensuing in a loss of money. The aim is to keep capacity at somewhat less than demand. Alex now starts to place the works ‘s constrictions. The two obvious constrictions turn out to be the multi-process mechanization machine and a heat-treating furnace. The multi-process mechanization machine NCX-10 can treat an point taking 16 proceedingss and 10 operators in 10 proceedingss and utilizing merely 2. But there is a six month lead clip to develop a NCX-10 operator because of the forte place demands. And trained operators are go forthing the company faster than it can re-train replacings, so the machine is n't running at full capacity which makes it a non fully-utilized constriction. The furnace is being run at partial tonss because of expediting, another non-fully utilised constriction.Optimizing ConstrictionsIn order to extinguish constrictions, Alex invites Jonah for a works circuit during which he notes that the composing of much of the work-in-process waiting at each of the constrictions is really non-saleable parts destined for warehouse storage. This is concealed extra capacity. He asks about alternate methods which could be used in add-on to the present procedures, turn toing the old retired machines as a possible capacity beginning. He asks if every portion really needs to be processed by the constriction and identifies extra concealed capacity. Alex learns to see utilizing alternate procedures or off-load to increase capacity. Quality controls should be placed prior to a constriction to guarantee the constriction will non be treating faulty parts and blowing valuable constriction procedure clip. Rejecting stuffs prior to the constriction so becomes simple bit instead than devouring extra capacity. Procedure controls at a constriction should be designed to guarantee zero defects based processing to minimise re-work and system impact costs. The squad determines that one of the implicit in causes of their present parts pile-up at the constrictions is because the operator can non state the difference between a bottleneck-destined portion and an ordinary 1. The operator, in an effort to maintain busy, processes batch after batch of non-bottleneck parts when what they truly need to make is work on constriction parts. They attempt a solution for this by puting placing tickets on the parts which are destined for a constriction procedure. The bottle cervix capacity is increased by remembering old machines which ensuing in an addition in constriction capacity. The furnaces are non being manned by dedicated forces to maintain them runing and reloaded during the idle times, so extra forces are assigned to them on a full-time footing. Additionally, some of the constriction chiefs come up with methods of streamlining their procedures to increase throughput at their Stationss. And for a clip, things seem to be bettering – stock lists are easy shriveling and more backlog orders are being filled.New jobs come upA new job is revealed with deficits of non-bottleneck parts now happening in add-on to the constriction parts. This could be potentially a new constriction as a consequence of overtaxing the remainder of the system. Triping a resource and using a resource are non-synonymous because non-bottleneck stuff continued to be fed into the system in order to keep the production efficiency quotas, non-bottlenecks began turning out maximal units of non-bottleneck parts choke offing the work-in-process stock lists at constrictions and at non-bottleneck Stationss. Triping a resource is merely turning it on. Using it means doing usage of the resource in a manner that moves the system towards the end. A new stuff release system was developed which triggers release of constriction stuff merely at the rate at which the constrictions need it, instead than being triggered by non-bottleneck idle clip. Jonah shows that they can utilize the same methodological analysis to develop a release system for stuffs throughout the system. By cognizing when the constriction parts will make concluding assembly, the release of the non-bottleneck stuffs can be timed to co-occur along the other paths.Improvement in consequencesAll the stairss to place and extinguish constrictions resulted in better consequences. Peach was impressed, but non sufficiently to name off the division sale. Alex agrees to another 15 per centum betterment in the net net income in order to turn out that the alterations are non fleeting or alone. As it turns out, Jonah indicates that after burden reconciliation is performed to run into market demand without extra production, the following logical measure is to cut down the batch sizes to cut down the entire capital committedness used during production. Decrease in batch sizes besides reduces the entire clip spent in work-in-process. Less clip spent in production increases the velocity of throughput every bit good as a faster turn-around on client orders. Shorter lead times result in better response to the market demands. The four primary clip constituents include: setup clip, procedure clip, queue clip ( associated with constrictions where parts wait for a machine to go free ) , and wait clip ( associated with non-bottlenecks when a portion waits for another portion to go on treating ) . Time saved at a non-bottleneck is fanciful because when non-bottlenecks are being set up, the clip spent is taken off from idle clip, non production clip. Economic batch measures are calculated based upon the whole system and non the constrictions themselves. As a consequence, most batch sizes are non optimized to the Stationss most affected by them — the constrictions. Now that the works has the potency of reacting better to market demands, Alex focuses on the 3rd constituent of productiveness measuring, that of gross revenues throughput, and gets the division gross revenues director, Johnny Jons, to market his works ‘s improved capacity. Together they manage to bind down a major contract utilizing a combination of incremental bringings and low measure pricing. This sets the phase for carry throughing the 15 per centum betterment Alex promised to Peach.Accounting ImpactSmyth, the division productiveness director and viing works director, sets out to place what Alex is making to his works by originating an internal audit. As a consequence of the labour alterations and the non-bottleneck idle times the cost studies show an addition in per unit costs. Smyth calls Alex in to explicate himself in visible radiation of the audit findings. Alex illustrates specific points that are in direct contradiction with conventional fabrication premises: We should equilibrate the flow with demand, non capacity. The degree of activity from which the system is able to gain is non determined by single potency but by some other restraint in the system. Triping a resource and using it are non the same. An hr lost at a constriction is an hr lost by the full system. An hr saved at a non-bottleneck is worthless. Performance of an operation should be evaluated by its bottom line. Smyth presents his findings – that Alex ‘s works has decreased productiveness, increased merchandise cost, and improper attachment to processs throughout the organisation. This was beliing grounds that the works has turned solid net incomes and lowered operating disbursals, increasing hard currency flow. The division accountant pointed out that Alex ‘s works represents the ideal combination of bringing velocity, low cost, and flexibleness that the market truly needs. With this Alex was appointed as the division director. The ground Alex received support of the division accountant was because Lou, the program accountant had been working hard behind the scenes re-crunching the Numberss and placing an extra defect in the conventional cost accounting procedure – rating of stock list costs. Even though utilizing the hard currency method would clearly show the lessening in work in procedure and finished goods stock list, and decreases in purchased stuff costs, the traditional accrual method shows these actions as period losingss since hard currency payment turning away is non recorded until the following accounting period. In re-calculating the fiscal statements, Lou found a jutting 20 per centum bottom line betterment alternatively of the promised 15. But alternatively of giving these cumbrous accounting accounts to Alex to utilize in his defence, Lou took the consequences straight to Frost, the division accountant who understood the branchings of the NumberssDecision5 primary stairss identified to better procedures are: Identify the system restraints Decide how to work the system ‘s restraints Subordinate everything else to the above determination Promote the system ‘s restraints If in the old stairss, a restraint has been broken, return to Step 1, but do non let inactiveness to do a system ‘s restraint Due to the betterments, the works now has twenty percent extra capacity available to carry through demand. It turned out that Europe has many possible clients, but the monetary values they demand are so low below the domestic market, UniCo could n't perchance take them without losing money. Alex pointed out that when production is used from trim capacity, the lone costs are the cost of the stuffs and as such, any monetary value above stuff cost represents net income. Combined with an unbelievably short bringing clip to close out unimproved rivals, the company has pocketed many trades guarantee the future gross revenues of the works.

Gilbert & Sullivan- the Mikado

Alex Ewanyk American Musical Theater History Writing Assignment 1 Gilbert & Sullivan: The Mikado 2/7/13 Most would agree to say that two is better than one. William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan are by any means no exception to this. Gilbert, a playwright, and Sullivan, a composer, combined their talents to make the dream team of musical theatre. Together they have made some of the greatest and sophisticated musicals the world will ever see. The best of their shows are still being performed today, one of which is their famous musical, The Mikado.The Mikado is a comical musical which poked fun at a few aspects of England’s culture at the time. It quickly became popular among both the British and Americans. It eventually became popular in many other countries, which was an extraordinary feat at the time. Gilbert and Sullivan have an interesting history before coming together to make their great works such as The Mikado. Before William Gilbert started writing, he was an attorney. O n the side he would write poems which led to a series of his illustrated comical poems getting published by a few popular British magazines.This eventually opened the door to his career as a playwright. During the time Gilbert was starting his writing career, Arthur Sullivan was already making waves as a serious composer. He knew this was what he wanted to do with his life and for good reason. He was a great composer who could make a song to fit any mood. Sullivan was already making a great deal of money with his works and felt very comfortable, but both he and Gilbert could never have foreseen what was next to come. In the 1860’s John Hillingshead, the owner of the Gaiety Theatre hired Gilbert to write and Sullivan to compose their first work together titled Thepsis.In the crowd at the showing of Thepsis was aspiring producer Richard D'Oyly Carte and saw something in the work of Gilbert and Sullivan. He eventually contacts them to write a curtain raiser which turned out to b e very profitable. After the money started coming in, G;S were hooked. From then on, their career together officially started. The rest is history. One of Gilbert and Sullivan’s most famous work was a comedy called The Migato. The synopsis of this amusing musical is as follows. Before the story begins, Nanki-Poo, the Mikado’s son, fled from his father’s palace to escape being forced to marry Katisha, an elderly lady of the court.Nanki-Poo has become a traveling performer who falls in love with Yum-Yum, however he can’t marry her because Ko-Ko, her guardian, has decided to marry her himself. Nanki-Poo learns that Ko-Ko has been sentenced to death for violating the Mikado’s law against flirting. Nanki-Poo arrives in Titipu to determine if Ko-Ko has been executed, and therefore, if Yum-Yum is free to marry him. He encounters Pooh-Bah, a corrupt public official, and Pish-Tush, a noble, who informs him that Ko-Ko was saved at the last moment by a set of events, and then raised to the high rank of Lord High Executioner.Nanki-Poo loses hope when he learns that Ko-Ko plans to marry Yum-Yum immediately. There have been no executions in Titipu since Ko-Ko became Lord High Executioner. Ko-Ko receives a letter from The Mikado ordering him to execute someone or else lose his position as Lord High Executioner. As Ko-Ko ponders his dilemma of trying to find someone to execute, Nanki-Poo appears, saying that he’s going to commit suicide because he can’t marry Yum-Yum, the women he loves. Ko-Ko offers to allow Nanki-Poo to marry Yum-Yum for one month, after which, he will become his execution victim.Suddenly, Katisha appears and discovers Nanki-Poo, her lost love. After she is driven away, she rushes to inform the Mikado that his son has been found. As it goes into Act II, Yum-Yum is preparing for her one-month marriage to Nanki-Poo. Ko-Ko arrives with the shocking revelation that he has discovered a law decreeing that when a ma rried man is executed, his widow must be buried alive. Because of this the marriage between Yum-Yum and Nanki-Poo is canceled. Nevertheless, Ko-Ko must find a â€Å"substitute† for execution or he will be decapitated by The Mikado. Nanki-Poo contrives a solution to save Ko-Ko’s life.A false contract confirming his own execution, but in exchange, he must be allowed to marry Yum-Yum and leave the country forever. Ko-Ko agrees. The Mikado finally arrives in Titipu. Ko-Ko believes that the purpose of his visit is to confirm that an execution has taken place so he produces the contract and proceeds to describe the execution with gusto. However, The Mikado has actually come to Titipu in search of his lost son and learns from the contract that Ko-Ko and his ministers executed his son. He declares them guilty of â€Å"composing the death of the Heir Apparent†.Their only hope to avoid execution is to show Nanki-Poo’s alive. Nanki-Poo hesitates to reveal himself, f earing that if Katisha learns that he has married Yum-Yum she will have him executed. The dilemma is resolved by Ko-Ko, who, at Nanki-Poo’s suggestion, woos, wins, and weds Katisha. In the end, all conflicts are put to an end as they celebrate Nanki-Poo’s marriage to Yum-Yum and Ko-Ko’s marriage to Katisha. This show quickly became extremely popular in England due to how it related to them but was also popular in the U. S. because of how funny, amusing, and ingenious it was.During the time The Mikado was created, the British were going through an â€Å"all things Japanese† craze. They were in a sense obsessed with the Japanese culture and customs for some reason. So in a sense, Gilbert was poking fun at this obsession while writing this play which centers on Japan in a humorous fashion. Let it be understood that he wasn’t making fun of Japan, but playing with the fact that people were trying to mimic the Japanese ways. As The Mikado got introduced to the U. S. , Americans actually started to adopt this trend of all things Japanese. â€Å"Mikado-Mania† was the name given to the American craze.A funny fact about The Mikado is that it’s one of the few musicals that every caused a diplomatic argument. When the prince of Japan visited England in 1907, the work was temporarily banned from being performed. This ban in turn backfired because the prince actually was hoping to see the play during his visit. This fact alone shows how widespread talk of The Mikado was. Gilbert and Sullivan will go down in history as one of the greatest stage musical teams of all time, if not the greatest. With works like The Mikado, how could they not be one of the greatest?Their plays have even been performed in other languages such as French, German, and Yiddish. After 120 years The Mikado is still one of the most frequently produced musicals of all time and fully deserves to be. Bibliography Ainger, Michael. Gilbert and Sullivan: A Dual Biography. N. p. : Oxford UP, 2002. Print. Kenrick, John. â€Å"Gilbert & Sullivan 101. † Musicals101. com. N. p. , 2000. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. musicals101. com/g;s101. htm;. â€Å"Plot Summary. † Gilbert and Sullivan Archive. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Feb. 2013. ;http://math. boisestate. edu/gas/mikado/html/summary. html;.