Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Humanities - Essay ExampleThese conditions and poverty levels presented challenges that needed improved laws and law system. Consequently, the governing emphasized on laws, ahead(p) to revision and incorporation of new clauses in the existing laws. The justice system continues to influence laws and school of thoughts. Ancient Greek during this cartridge holder was marked with increased philosophical and medical studies that led to political, education and social wobbles (Covert 44). However, it is necessary to determine the factors that led to cultivatedization. One has to determine whether geography and Greek be responsible. It is also necessary to compare Greek civilization with Eastern civilization and determine its superiority. Greek civilization, noted as Ancient Greece is a design reach from 8th century B.C to 600AD. It succeeds the Dark Ages of Greek that was a period marked with orthodox ideas and misguided practices. The Greek civilization succeeds starting in a peri od called archaic period and ends with end of antiquity period. The beginning of the civilization features the influence of five cultures that helped shape Greece to its largely adopted culture. These cultures include Egyptian, Assyrian, Syro-Hittite and Phoenicians (Solway 3) During the onset of the civilization period, some(prenominal) channels began happening that made the period stand out from previous minor civilizations. Coining of the Greek alphabets from Phoenician scripts is one of the first changes. This occurred in the archaic period leading to emergence of written accounts. Water bodies characterize the geographical structure of Greek. Additionally, mountainous structures separate all neighboring community states. The coin emerged during this period that challenged the governing blue regimes because the newfound trading methods led to the rise of a mercantile group that ended up desiring political power. This marks the period of societal governance change to democracy (Solway 23). The population grew in this period causing shortage of land and a deepening gap between the poor and rich. During this conflict, a social change occurred when Spartans males had to join the military whether one is an elite, rich or humble background. This is a period marred with civil wars. For example, Athens encountered land problems and agricultural misgivings that led to civil war. Law became the only solution in countering the conflicts. Initial attempt at settling the conflict failed but later succeeded after Solon reforms successfully conventional power to the aristocracy and improved the plight of the poor. This depicts the development of social structures, authorities and their shift with the changing economic, political, and educational aspects (Covert 3). Increased population growth led to migration and solving into other areas that later would be collectively referred to as Greece. The migrations expanded the cultural practices and linguistic styles of the Ancient Greek. This further facilitated economy growth and adoption of the coin at bottom the original states and overseas to the newly conquered colonies. Improvements became apparent in the peoples standards of living (Solway 34) The geographical outlook of the Greece territory was mountainous with numerous valleys and plains. As a result, numerous small communities lived separately, each with its own language, cultural practices and identity. This resulted in a larger community with diverse practices.

The Australian Food Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Australian Food Industry - Essay ExampleThe intellectual nourishment application in Australia produces a large quantity of a medley of products. Although the weather in the land down under is mostly dry, there is still a variety in the types of land and in the weather. There are heavenss that have tropical weather, coastal areas that experience much rain, and dry to medium dry areas. Each area uses the type of climate that they have to produce specific kinds of food products. With this variety of climate, combined with the recent development in food processing and technology, Australia has gained a account for being one of the steadiest food suppliers across the globe. (About Australia, 2008)As with most countries, Australias food industry has been a massive contributor to its economic condition. Forty six pct of the retail profits across Australia for the years 2006 to 2007 have come from the food industry. There was a significant increase of 8% in the turn over from last years production.In the year span of 1980s and 1990s, several varieties of industries were established due to new and pressing demands in the market place. Some land-based fresh produce were brought to the market such as Asian vegetables, fruits and herbs. Atlantic salmon farming was also brought into the industry at that time, along with the catching of Bluefin Tuna that grew out of wild. asunder from these products, meats of kangaroos and crocodiles have gained popularity in recent times. The respective sub-industries of these foods have been trying to introduce more and more similar products into the Australian market, and the global market as a whole. (About Australia, 2008)Australian Processed FoodThere are several sub sectors in the processed food industry in Australia. These are bakery products, crapulence and malt manufacturing, dairy products, flour mill and cereal food manufacturing, fruit and vegetable processing, meat and other meat products, oil and fat manufacturin g, seafood processing, sugar and candy store manufacturing, and other food manufacturing. The sheer number of sub-industries under the Australian food industry should be enough to tell us how flourishing this industry is. The industry with the largest revenue in 2005-2006 is the food and beverage industry. As earlier mentioned, the Australian food industry has been a large contributor to the countrys economic standing. This is because the food industry provides businesses, jobs and regional development where it operates. Fifty of the countrys biggest food and beverage companies are responsible for seventy-five percent of the income of the local industry. Supermarkets are responsible for the majority of sales of food products in the country, where sixty percent comes from the sale of food and liquor in 2006-2007. (About Australia, 2008)The Organic Industry in AustraliaIn recent times, there has been a gigantic demand for organic products to be released in to the markets, not only in Australia, but across countries as well. Major food companies, such as go up and Unilever were some of the first large companies to venture in to production of organic food across different processed food products. Australia has followed the trend through a small and significant, but quickly growing group of farmers producing organic products. The essence of organic foods is such that consumers are aware that they will be paying a

Airline Scheduling. A Business Plan For An Airline Essay

Airline Scheduling. A Business Plan For An Airline - Essay object lessonMoreover it needs to be estimated that what is the amount of revenue that would most probably be generated and how would this revenue effect the airline business as a whole.The rising courage from within the skies runs through the staff of the company as well.SELECTING A FLEET FOR THE AIRLINE The construction of a entire quality of flight schedules is inborn for the effective and optimal performance of an airline business. This optimal performance involves the achievement of customer satisfaction and the maximizing of profits. The robust the acquiring of turn over and aircrafts is, the better it shows how good and optimal would the prospective schedule of the airline would be.Selecting a fleet for the airline is the first process that needs to be evaluated. Modeling of a fleet is ordinarily a highly complex process. This process involves a number of skills and knowledge of the business to a considerable ext ent.In the words of Paul Clark, Fleet be after is a process by which an airline acquires and manages appropriate aircraft capacity in order to serve anticipated markets over a variety of defined periods of prison term with a view to maximizing corporate wealth. (Clark, 2007)While constructing the making of a fleet it should be considered that buying airplanes is a large task and should not be done keeping only the current time period in mind. Rather, several upcoming time frames should be taken into consideration. One of the factors that effect fleet planning is fleet management tactics such as aircraft trading. Moreover the following factors should be taken into consideration Total Cost of Ownership including purchase Price Maintenance Costs Fuel Efficiency. The $500 Million that have been assigned need to be properly bifurcated in the above mentioned parts. acquiring AN AIRCRAFT Acquiring an aircraft is the biggest step among tout ensemble the steps that ar involved in the ac quiring of an aircraft. Aircrafts can be acquired anew or they can even be reused. There are number of commercial jet organizations that lend their jets on rental basis. Moreover, they even have jets that are reused and can be purchased. One amour that should specifically be taken into account while purchasing aircrafts is their need to last long. These are the basic investment fundss in the airline business of the company. The better investment there is in this regard, the better it would be for the future prospects of the company. According to a leading edge CEO Gary Justice, the following mentioned methods of aircraft acquisition work best for all types of people who want to go for the purchase of an aircraft may they by needing it for personal or corporate use. He is quoted to have said The three phases of aircraft acquisition are strategic planning, tactical implementation (execution of the strategic plan) and operations (operational

IS CBT EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING SCHIZOPHRENIA Essay

IS CBT EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING SCHIZOPHRENIA - Essay ExampleAccording to the http//www.schizophrenia.com/szfacts.htm, there is no cure for schizophrenia so all talk of sermon or therapy may pertain to management and not actual treatment of the condition. In this work, we review three articles that I consider important in how cognitive behaviour therapy can be useful in the management and treatment of schizophrenia. We review three studies Barrowclough et al. (2006), Turkington et al. (2006a) and Turkington et al. (2006b). Barrowclough et al. (2006) sought to evaluate the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia. To do so, 113 people with chronic schizophrenia, the Barrowclough et al. film assigned each of the 113 people to receive either the group cognitive-behavioural therapy or the usual treatment. The primary measure utilise to assess the efficacy of treatment were the positive symptom improvement on the positive and negative syndrome scales while th e secondary measures were secondary outcome measures like symptoms, functioning, relapses, hope slightness and self-esteem (Barrowclough et al. 2006, p. 527). The finding of Barrowclough et al. (2006) is that there was no significant difference between the two methods of treatment. However, the individuals subjected to group cognitive-behavioural therapy pee-pee a reduction in feelings of hopelessness and in low self-esteem. Thus, the conclusion of the Barrowclough et al. (2006) study is that although the group cognitive-behavioural therapy may not be the optimum treatment for reducing hallucinations and delusions, it may have important benefits, including feeling less negative about oneself and less hopeless (p. 527). The Barrowclough et al. (2006) study exhibited adequate adherence to professional and research ethics. Perhaps, an important indication of this is that the study sought an ethical pact with the local research ethics committee. The inclusion criteria for the study a re very clear in Barrowclough et al. (2006, p. 527). One of the inclusion criteria is that informed fancy from the tolerant was demand although the study does not discuss whether the informed consent is merely verbal or written or whether the relatives or the guardians of the patients were made co-signatories in the informed consent mechanism. I believe that concurrence of relatives or guardians may be necessary because schizophrenic patients may be considered legally incompetent to respond to requests for consent (even if symptoms have not exacerbated six months prior to the study). In building cognitive behavioural therapy groups, the study built groups from the 113 individuals who were the subject of research. Those who administered the group cognitive-behavioural therapy composed another group who operated a program independent of the Barrowclough et al. research team. In the opinion of this researcher, the Barrowclough made due consideration for the welfare of patients by pu tting in their inclusion criteria the requirement that the patient had one month of stabilisation if they had experienced a symptom exacerbation in the last six months (Barrowclough et al. 2006, p. 527). At the same time, however, the inclusion criterion implies that the results of the study should be qualified or that the positive benefits of the group cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia, if any, apply only to that population

Awareness of Identity Theft among Mature Students Essay - 1

Aw atomic number 18ness of Identity Theft among Mature Students - Essay typeIdentity theft has been a serious issue. It has become one of the fastest-growing crimes in the US and in the UK. A 2007 report shows that in the UK, GBP 1.7 billion is lost yearly and about 10,000 fell victims in 2006 (Staff Writer, 2007). In the US, though the figure has decreased, still about 8.4 adult Americans are victims of indistinguishability cunning (Javelin, 2007). Serious and uncontrolled as it is, awareness of this type of crime was not immediately high. Identity awareness drives had to be conducted to inform more people of the danger of falling victim to the frauds. It is key that we become aware of their existence in the first place they steal who we are. It is Copernican, most especially for students, to know when and when not to give away certain personal nurture. But before giving precautions as to how to avoid identity thieves, it is necessary to have a figure as to what fraction of the population is actually aware that frauds like these exist. A look at the history of fraud cases might help measure the level of awareness that has come to arise throughout the years.The number of identity fraud cases in the UK has continued to rise since eight years ago. From a mere 9,000 cases in 1999, the number increased to 24,000 in the 2001, 46,000 in 2003, and almost doubled to 80,000 in 2006. As recorded, dealing with this crime has cost the UK government GBP1.5 billion in 2005 (CIFAS).In other parts of the world, particularly the US, fraudulent activities are more rampant and damaging. For instance, US lenders were reported to have lost about USD 1 billion. In Canada, a loss of about CAND 21.8 million was recorded in 2003 beca put on of the 14,526 cases (Report on identity theft).Looking back at a 2005 probe by the Which Magazine, results showed that about one-fourth of UK adults had been victims of identity fraud. This has cost the UK government about GBP1.3 billion an nually. The same investigation found out that awareness of the crime has increased, with two-thirds of the individuals now concerned with the crime. Which found that 33 per penny of adults dont take any precautions to beat the ID thieves, while 18 per cent shred their documents but still use a single password for all online banking a similar number dont shred documents but make use of several different passwords, while 31 per cent take both precautions (Best, 2005).After looking at statistics of how the number of identity fraud cases has continued to rise, it is then important to take a look at how people usually fall victim to frauds, and how personal information are given away.There are several ways by which a fraudster can acquire information needed to steal your identity. For one, phishing occurs over the internet. This is an easy way for thieves to get away with important account numbers and such. This may be obtained through online dating services and even job applications on line. Phishing scams happen when thieves pose as employees of legitimate companies verifying information over the phone or online. And as a study shows, 92 per cent of people in London will give information to a stranger (Thomson, 2005).Another way is by engaging in casual conversations. It may

African Americans and the Prison System Essay Example for Free

Afri female genital organ Ameri whoremasters and the Prison System EssayI. Introduction In the book the Mugging of Black America, Earl Ofari Hutchinson relays an interesting view by a reporter. The reporter, who spent two and a half hours watching suspects march before Washington, D. C. Superior Court Judge Morton Berg, noted that all barely one of these subjects was Black. He positd, ? There is an odd air near the swift afternoon? Xan atmosphere like that of British Africa in colonial times? Xas the ascension of tattered, troub take, scowling, poor obscures plead guilty or not guilty to charges of drug possession, drug distribution, assault, armed robbery, theft, breaking in, fraud and arson. According to Hutchinson, the reporter witnessed more than a courtroom scene he witnessed the legacy of sla very(prenominal). This paper will attempt expand on Hutchinson? s theory. It will do so by startle describing slavery and its tenacious impact then it will attempt to show how the current vile umpire system mirrors slavery. PART 1 Slavery I. The autobiography of Oppression and African Americans The history of the oppression as it relates to African Americans began in 1619. It was this year in which a Dutch ship brought the first slaves from Africa to North America. future(a) this arrival of twenty Africans in Virginia, discolour European-Americans created the institution of slavery. Slavery spread so quickly that by 1860 the original twenty slaves turned into nearly quadruple million. In the beginning the legal status of these Africans was undefined. This absent definition created a lack of certainty which allowed for some slaves to become uninvolved after years of service. This merely lasted briefly. In the 1660s, however, the colonies began enacting laws that defined and regulated slaves and the institution of slavery.One of the most important of these was the provision that scurrilous slaves, and the children of slave women, would serve for lif e. These ? breeding laws were just the beginning. Soon, slavery in the United States was governed by a body of laws developed from the 1660s to the 1860s. Even though every slave state had its own slave code and case law, it became planetary that slavery was a permanent condition. In accession to slavery being a permanent condition, slaves were also, under these laws, considered property.Slaves, being property, could not own property or be a party to a contract. Since marriage is a form of a contract, slave marriages had no legal standing. Most codes also had sections regulating free discolours. Under these codes blacks who were not slaves were still subject to ascertains on their movements and employment. These laws served not only as a physical limitation, but an ideological one also. In addition to granting slave owners and white masses power over slaves and in some cases free blacks, the laws also granted slaveholders and white-Europeans an intangible source of power.Social ly, the institution of slavery allowed white slave owners to believe they had not only physical control, but physical and mental superiority over the slaves. With only a few exceptions, all slaves were Africans. This feature outd the label of lower rank on black skin. The actual institution of slavery as it relates to master and slave lasted up in till the civil war. The American cultured War was fought, in part, over slavery. During the war, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which ? freed all slaves.This seemingly, brought the give the sack of slavery throughout the United States, but unluckily left a lasting impression. From this point on slavery took on a new form as former slaves being associated with the label of inferiority. II. The lasting make of slavery continuous oppression Slavery is defined by Webster? s dictionary as ? The state of being under the control of other person . Aalthough the actual physical control and violence supposed ly ended after the emancipation proclamation, The intangible theory of supremacy derived from the institution of slavery resulted in many lasting effects.These effects in and of themselves are a form of force, a form slavery. a. The lost sense of culture and cultural surcharge effect of inferiority Slave drivers made great efforts to eliminate African culture. For instance Africans were beaten if they were caught speaking their native languages or carrying out native rituals . Therefore, they were not equal to(p) to effectively pass the languages, stories and traditions on to their children. This forced suppression resulted in the loss of verbal records and a rich legacy of history. It is no secret that in that location is pride in culture.Taking away the culture takes away the pride and the motivation and results in feelings of worthlessness. b. no economic foundation Slave drivers not only try to deprive the Africans of there culture and pride, but they successfully robbed the m economically. Slaves were forced to work without pay for years while padding the pockets of the slave owners. This deficit of economics resulted in an in major power to establish an economic foundation in the United States. c. Unleveled playing field Along with the deprivation of financial resources, some other significant itemor concerning the state of African Americans is arrested development.Slaves were deprived of opportunities to learn and become more competitive in many areas of friendship. Black mountain were not allowed to read or learn to read, so they could not take advantage of written text. All these lasting effects placed blacks in a severely disadvantaged state when slavery was abolished, led a socioeconomic structure in which white people generally held the highest ranks and Black people generally held the lowest ranks. III. Maintaining oppression In order to hold this socioeconomic structure, there always seems to be a new form of oppression set in place to k eep ? slavery.As if the above ruinous effects of slavery were not enough, the White southerners were anxious to maintain more direct power and control over people with black skin, patronage there classification as ? free. The White southerners decided to, again, use the law in order crystallize there theory of inferiority and keep black people at the lowest ranks. In 1865, southerners created Black Codes, which served as a way to control and inhibit the freedom of ex-slaves. These historic Codes controlled intimately all aspects of life, and prohibited African Americans from almost all the freedoms that had been won during the Civil War.The codes, which were blatantly racist and oppressive, were eventually suspended in June 1866, during the ? reconstruction era. During this time period in America and despite resistance, African-Americans were slowly becoming part of this nations inclusion. By 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution confirmed the long awaited citizenship for B lacks in America. By 1870, the 15th Amendment was added to the Constitution which made it prohibited to deny the right to vote based on race. The Reconstruction era, although short-lived, showed the first real attempts of inclusive freedom for African-Americans since the abolition of slavery.Gains were taking place Citizenship, Voting, Education, and Politics. But, the cardinal passion to have power over those in black skin never subsided. Just like the black Codes, this desire to dominate again manifested itself in another form, Jim Crow Laws. These laws promoted discrimination and the denial of equal protection by law. Just like the codes, they too were eventually abolished. Just like the Codes, Jim Crow laws, the desire of our society to suppress those in black skin will soon take another form. immediately that form is the Criminal Justice System.PART 2 The pertly Age Slavery The Prison System I. The Prison Institution Prisons are big in the United States. During the past 20 years, the United States experienced a massive increase in incarceration. The prison population increased fourfold, from 330,000 in 1980 to nearly 1. 4 million in 1999, and the incarceration rate increased from about 140 to about 476 per 100,000 resident populations. Today there are more than two million Americans behind bars. But even more startling is the fact that more than one-half of these incarcerated Americans have black skin.Although black Americans only make up about 12% of the US population, they account for more then 30% of all arrests, 44% of all prisoners and 40% of prisoners on death row. II. Race and the Prison System These obvious disparities in the criminal justice system can be attributed to many different things ranging from racial profiling to the lack of opportunity and poor education, but most criminal justice observers believe that these disparities have emerged from the underlying assumptions rooted in slavery. The assumption that slaves were inferior has ca rried over to today.Currently this theory of inferiority and desire to maintain oppression influences one of the major policies in place attacking African Americans today, the ? war on drugs. Most of the shocking disparities in the criminal Justice System as it relates to African Americans in prison can be attributed to the ? war on drugs. According to a study by Human Rights Watch, African-Americans comprise 62 percent of the drug offenders admitted to state prisons. In sevensome states, blacks constitute between 80 and 90 percent of all people sent to prison on drug charges. According to studies of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, African-Americans constitute 15 percent of the national drug users, but comprise an amazing one-third of all those arrested on drug charges and 57 percent of those convicted on drug charges. The criminal justice system generally, and contemporary crime and drug policies in exceptional, serve as a means for White America to control the African Amer icans like they did in the 1600 . III. The lasting oppression Similarly to the black codes and segregation implemented after the abolition of slavery restrictions are placed on prisoners after they are released.Once a prisoner is released from prison, parole and the bans on public assistance, public housing restrictions, etc. create barriers and a seemingly blamed one shot of dominance. Since half of the prisoners in prison are African American, these barriers, like the lasting effects of slavery, have a disproportionate effect on our black communities. III. The effects of oppression According to the Department of Justice? s Bureau of Justice statistics, the number of adults in prison, jail, or on probation or parole reached almost 7 million during 2004. Since Blacks comprise 30 percent of probationers and 41 percent of prisoners.That means around 4,500,000 African Americans are affected directly by the criminal justice system. Unfortunately those African Americans sent to prison or under parole are not the only people affected. The impact on the black connection does not stop at the prison door, conversely it goes far beyond. Even after a prisoner is released there are lasting effects to the prisoner, his or her family and the community as a whole. a. Demise of the Black family One effect of the high rate of incarceration of African American males in particular has been the decreasing number of marriageable men in the African American community.Along with high rates of homicide, AIDS-related deaths and other factors, this has created a substantial imbalance in the male-female ratio among adult African Americans. Whereas gender ratios for African Americans at birth are about 102-103 males for every 100 females, by the age range 40-44, this declines to 86 males per 100 females, whereas white rates are 100100 for this group. b. Lost political voice The impact of the criminal justice system on the black community goes beyond the declining family structure to i ssues of political influence as well.As a result of laws that disenfranchise felons and ex-felons in various states, an estimated 1. 4 million African American males, or 13% of the black male adult population, is either currently or for good disenfranchised as a result of a felony conviction. In fourteen states, a felony conviction can result in lifetime disenfranchisement, and in seven of these states, an estimated one in four black males is permanently disenfranchised.Thus, not only are criminal justice policies contributing to the disproportionate incarceration of African Americans, but imprisonment itself then reduces the collective political ability of African Americans to influence these policies. V. Solutions The constant demise in the structure of the black family, lost political influence and seemingly arrested development are all very familiar results of a history of oppression. Since these effects of slavery and disparities in the criminal justice system seemingly steam from hundreds of years ago there is no quick fix.Ideally the answer would lie in the destruction of all prejudice. But, it is impossible to erase the deep seated legacy and resurfacing effects of slavery. Therefore this chore must be attacked from a variety of different angles.Recommendations for change can be considered in the areas of awareness, legislative change, criminal justice officials? initiatives, and criminal justice/community partnerships. The following are some suggested that will allow for a beginning to a seemingly circular and endless problem. 1. Legislative Actions Legislation should be pushed to see Mandatory Sentencing Policies and Equalize Penalties for Crack and Powder Cocaine . 2. Criminal Justice Officials? Initiatives ?n Criminal Justice Officials should Expand Drug Policy Options And Expand the engross of Alternative Sentencing 3. Criminal Justice/Community Partnerships.The criminal Justice system and the community should attempt to Increase Community-b ased Diversion from the Criminal Justice System And settle the Link between Communities and the Justice System VI. Closing Oppression in the form of institutionalization is nothing new to those dressed in black skin it has been preface since 1619. In this year Africans were brought to the United States and forced into the institution of slavery. Even after the abolition of slavery, a series of codes and segregation laws were set in place to maintain the suppression of black people because black skin was stigmatized as inferior.Even though the prejudice and biased codes and laws were eventually abolished themselves, this stigma remains. Because this theory of black inferiority was embedded in the American culture due to slavery, various means of oppression are able to continually resurface in different forms. Today that form is Criminal Justice System, more specifically the drug policies. Practically mirroring the institution of slavery, African Americans are being controlled and d ominated by this system. Control by the USCJS includes the probation, parole, imprisonment, lost economic power, struggling communities and lost political voice.In order to end this vicious cycle of oppression, action must be taken. First people must be made aware of the disparities. Next those who are made aware must press for legislative change, criminal justice officials? initiatives, and criminal justice/community partnerships. The challenge for the community at large is to engage in broad discussion of the mix of family, community, and government initiatives that can begin to reverse the cycle that has been set in motion in recent years. Let? s do what Abraham attempted o do in 1877, let? s end this legacy of slavery.

Violent video Games Essay Example for Free

Violent photograph Games EssayThere is perhaps no bigger or to a greater extent important issue in America right now than youth violence. Our children argon being fed a dependable occasional dose of violence-and it sells. The affects on childrens behavior from flushed word-painting adventures is a newly, well-researched topic for psychologists. Violent video stakes atomic number 18 giving our children the pr be activeice and engender essentialed to act out these bellicose behaviors in the real world. Alienated, disaffected youths, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, vent their anger to get famous by shooting up their school. On April 20, 1999 at columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, these two late men carried out a shooting ramp historic period. They killed twelve fellow students and a teacher, as well as wounding twenty-four others, before committing suicide. It is considered to be the deadliest school shooting, and the second deadliest attack on a school in US His tory (DeGaetano 47). Both of these boys were drowning in a lashing pop culture of bloody movies and video games. High on the morning of April 20, 1999, before the massacre, Dylan and Eric filmed their own back story videos, explaining their aims and motives.Its dismission to be like f**king doom Harris said on one and only(a) of the tapes, referring to his favorite shoot-em-up video game. Tick-tock, tick, tick? Ha? Straight out of Doom (qtd. in Steyer 70). These two young boys had fulfiled this game very a good deal and were so used to the violence of killing innocent people with no remorse. They gained the experience and knowledge from this video game on how to kill other human beings while getting a sense of satisfaction. A direct link amidst violent video games and increasing rates of violence among children is right in your backyard with this chilling story.In Paducah, Kentucky a fourteen-year-old boy, Michael Carneal, steals a gun from a neighbors house, brings it to s chool, and fires eight shots into a student prayer meeting that is breaking up. Prior to stealing the gun, he had never shot a real handgun in his life. The FBI says that the aver age experienced law enforcement officer, in the average shootout, at an average range of seven yards, hits with approximately one bullet in five. So how many hits did Michael Carneal make? He fired eight shots ho got eight hits, on eight different kids.Five of them were headshots, and the other three were upper torso. The result was three dead and one paralyzed for life. Nowhere in law enforcement or military history base an equivalent achievement be put in. And these from a boy on his foremost try. How did Michael Carneal acquire this kind of killing ability? Simple practice. At the age of fourteen he had practiced killing thousands of people. His simulators were point-and-shoot video games he act uponed for hundreds of hours in video arcades and in the comfort of his own home.His superhuman accuracy, combined with the fact that he stood still, firing two handed, and firing only one shot at each target, are all behaviors that are completely unnatural to each trained or native shooters, behaviors that could only run through been learned in a video game. If you do not cipher these games resemble the real thing, you should know that the military and law enforcement communities use video marksmanship tuition simulators to supplement their training. And the most fashionable simulator the United States Army uses in a minor modification of a popular Super Nin scarpero game.Across America we are reaping the bitter harvest of this training as ever to a greater extent kids are shooting other individuals that they have a grudge against. A horrific development in this is that rather than skillful stopping with their intended target, these kids keep firing- and a simple grudge turns into a mass murder (DeGaetano 4, 9, 74). As a player in the video game your goal is simply to rack up the highest score as quickly as possible. And, many of the video games (such as House of the Dead, Golden-eye, or Turock) give motivator effects for headshots (Gerdes 61).These kind of video games provide the motor reflexes responsible for over 75% of the firing on the modern battlefield. In addition, they provide violent notifyions and financial backing for violent behavior. These games teach young people to kill with all the precision of a military training program, but none of the character training that goes along with it (Gerdes 62). For children who get the right training at home and who have theability to distinguish between real and unreal consequences, they are still games.But for children who are peculiarly vulnerable to the lure of violence, they can be far more than. Even more than violent television and movies, violent video games have been limnn to increase aggression among those who play them. It seems as if even a brief exposure to these games can temporarily increase ones aggressiveness. Researchers stated that Violent video games provide a forum for accomplishment and practicing aggressive solutions to conflict situations. New aggression-related scripts can become more and more accessible for use when real-life conflict situations arise (qtd.in Steyer 90). One study reveals that young men who are habitually aggressive may be especially vulnerable to the aggression-enhancing effects of repeated exposure to violent games (Violent). Violent video games have stronger effects on childrens aggression because the games are highly appealing and interactive. Also, the games are rewarding violent behavior, and because children repeat these behaviors over and over as the play. The more often children rehearse violent acts the more likely they are to commit them in real life.This is what makes electronic games different from more inactive experiences of violence, in movies and on television. through and through practice, the use of violence can become a learned response- a scripted reflex like the trigger rate effectively refined by the army (Steyer 90-91). There can be intense psychological effects from performing interactive video games. Recent research has begun to find connections between childrens vie of violent video games and later aggressive behavior.A research review done by the farmingal Coalition on Television Violence found that 9 of 12 research studies on the impact of violent video games on normal children and adolescents reported harmful effects. In general, while video game compete has not been implicated as a direct cause of severe psychopathology, research suggests that there is a short-term relationship between contend violent video games and increased aggressive behavior in younger children (Steyer 130).Violent video games appear to to a fault put the human brain in a mood to fight, harmonise to a new study from Michigan State University. In the study, 13 males played the first-person shooter game Tactical Ops violation on Terror while in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) system, which measures brain activity. The brain scans of 11 of thesubjects exhibited large observed effects, a characteristic of aggressive thoughts. The researchers said the pattern of brain activity could be considered to be cause by virtual violence.fMRI monitors the brain and examines how different types of somatic sensation or activity stimulate it. Sight, sound, touch and other physical sensations show up on an fMRI image. Increased blood flow to a section of the brain indicated increased activity. Playing violent video games like Doom, Wolfenstein 3D or Mortal Combat can increase a persons aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior both in laboratory settings and in actual life, according to two studies.Furthermore, violent video games may be more harmful than violent television and movies because they are interactive, very engrossing and require the player to identify with the aggresso r, say the researchers. Psychologists Craig A. Anderson, Ph. D. , and Karen E. Dill, Ph. D. said, One study reveals that young men who are habitually aggressive may be especially vulnerable to the aggression-enhancing effects of repeated exposure to violent games. The other study reveals that even a brief exposure to violent video games can temporarily increase aggressive behavior in all types of participants. The first study involved 227 college students who completed a measure of character aggressiveness and reported their actual aggressive behaviors (delinquency) in the recent past. They also reported their video game playing habits. We found that students who reported playing more violent video games in junior and high school engaged in more aggressive behavior, said lead author Anderson, of Iowa State University. We also found that amount of clip spent playing video games in the past was associated with lower academic grades in college. In the second study, 210 college stude nts played either a violent (Wolfenstein 3D) or nonviolent video game (Myst). A short time later, the students who played the violent video game punished an thwarter (received a noise blast with varying intensity) for a longer period of time than did students who had played the nonviolent video game. Violent video games provide a forum for learning and practicing aggressive solutions to conflict situations, said Dr. Anderson. In the short run, playing a violent video game appears to affect aggression by priming aggressive thoughts.Longer-term effects are likely to be longer lasting as well, as the player learns and practices new aggression-related scripts thatcan become more and more accessible for use when real-life conflict situations arise. One major concern is the active nature of the learning environment of the video game, say the authors. This medium is potentially more dangerous than exposure to violent television and movies, which are known to have substantial effects on a ggression and violence (Video 220-235).Violent video games can increase aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, both in the short- and long-term, according to an empirical review of the last 20 years of research. These findings are presented at the 113th one-year Convention of the American Psychological Association in Washington, DC. According to researchers Jessica Nicoll, B. A. , and Kevin M. Kieffer, Ph. D. , of Saint Leo University, youth who played violent video games for a short time experienced an increase in aggressive behavior following the video game.One study showed participants who played a violent game for less than 10 minutes rate themselves with aggressive traits and aggressive actions shortly after playing. In another study of over 600 8th and 9th graders, the children who spent more time playing violent video games were rated by their teachers as more hostile than other children in the study. The children who played more violent video games had more argume nts with authority figures and were more likely to be involved in physical altercations with other students. They also performed more poorly on academic tasks.Violent video game players tend to imitate the moves that they just acted out in the game they played, said Dr. Kieffer. For example, children who played violent karate games duplicated this type of behavior while playing with friends. These findings demonstrate the possible dangers associated with playing this type of video game over and over again. The authors also found that boys tend to play video games for longer periods of time than girls. Boys may play more of these types of video games, said Kieffer, because women are portrayed in subordinate roles and the girls may find less incentive to play.But those girls who did play violent video games, according to the review, were more likely to prefer playing with an aggressive toy and were more aggressive when playing. Both Nicoll and Kieffer say that the recent changes that put age limits and rating systems on games make it more difficult for young children to purchase and play these video games. But, say the psychologists,future research needs to explore why many children and adolescents prefer to play a violent video game rather than play outside, and why certain personalities are drawn to these types of games (Playing).The observational studies looking at childrens free play, tended to show that children become more aggressive after either playing or observing a violent video game. At a theoretical level, these take the stands suggest empirical data supporting the social learning theory. As others have cautioned, the validity and reliability of the procedures used to measure aggressions should be questioned (Griffiths, 99 Cooper Mackie, 19). The adjustment conditions under which video games may have an affect that were considered were gender, age, and class/level of education.With regards to gender, although few studies looking at the differentia l effects were found, the study mentioned above suggests that females are more affected by video game violence than males. Cooper and Mackie, which inexperience with video games led to greater arousal, suggested one hypothesis for this difference. Another first step may be that since males have been found is have more experience with video games they may have become more desensitized to the violence than females.Once again, more research is necessary to draw conclusions on the differential effects of video game violence on gender. When age was look at it was discovered that age played no significant part in determining if a player was affected by the content of video games or not. The difference of age showed up in the manifestation of its affect. Herz introduces an interesting explanation of this increase in aggressive behavior of children. A large number of the studies involved adolescent children these children are at an age when they are naturally violent, aggressive and moody. So when put in a situation with increased agitation like many of the studies involved, increases in aggressive behavior may be natural regardless of stimulation. While this particular situation is not true of older students the method of study does need to be questioned. The effects of education levels and economic class have not yet been looked at, possibly due to a lack in conclusive evidence showing an overall relation (Herz, 51-59). I couldnt make myself clearer when I say that there is a deadly link between this kind of graphic tomography and the escalating incidence of youth violence.Violent video games are giving our children the practice and experience needed to act out these aggressive behaviors in the real world. If you dont think that these games resemble the real thing, you should take some time to play one of these games once. You will be absolutely shocked as to what our children are seeing on a daily basis.Works Cited Cooper, Joel, Mackie, Diane. Video Games and Agg ression in Children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Vol. 16, No. 8, 726-744. DeGaetano, Gloria, and Dave Grossman.Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill. New York Crown, 1999. France, Bill. Violent video games are training children to kill. HeraldNet 18 Nov 2003. 19 Oct 2005 . Gerdes, Louis. Media Violence. Farmington Hills, MI Greenhaven, 2004. Griffiths, Mark. Violent Video Games and Aggression A Review of the Literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior. Vol. 4, No. 10, 203-212. Herz, J. C. Joystick Nation HowVideogames Ate Our Quartes, Won Our Hearts, and Rewired Our Minds. Toronto Little, Brown Company, 1997. Steyer, James P. The Other Parent.New York Atria Books, 2002. Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life, Craig A. Anderson, Ph. D. , Iowa State University of Science and engineering and Karen E. Dill, Ph. D. , Lenoir-Rhyne College, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 4. Violent Video Games Can Increase Aggression. Science Daily. 25 Apr 2000. American Psychological Association. 02 Oct 2005 . Willenz, Pam. Playing violent video games can heighten aggression. Medical News Today 21 Aug 2005. 25 Nov 2005 .